Gourt > Health > Women's Health > Smoking (1)
Tobacco smoking is the act of burning the dried leaves of the tobacco plant and inhaling the resulting smoke. The practice, using both pipes and cigars, was common to many Native American cultures and was introduced to the rest of the world by sailors following European exploration of the Americas. Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, a stimulant which temporarily improves alertness and memory, but also forms a strong physical and psychological chemical dependence (addiction). Medical research has also found that smoking is a major contributing factor towards many health problems, particularly lung cancer, emphysema, and cardiovascular disease. Many countries regulate or restrict tobacco sales and advertising, and many municipalities now ban smoking in a variety of public venues due to health impacts on non-smokers of breathing second-hand smoke.
History
Tobacco smoking, using both pipes and cigars, was common to many Native American cultures of the Americas. It is depicted in the art of the Classic-era Maya civilization about 1,500 years ago. The Mayans smoked tobacco and also mixed it with lime and chewed it in a snuff-like substance. Among the Mayans tobacco was used as an all-purpose medicine, and was widely believed to have magical powers, being used in divinations and talismans. It was also burned as a sacrifice to the gods; a tobacco gourd was worn as a badge by midwives.
On October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus was given "certain dry leaves" by the Arawaks, but threw them away. Rodrigo de Jerez and Luis de Torres, who had erroneously been searching for the Khan of Cathay in Cuba, were the first Europeans to observe smoking, and Jerez also became the first recorded smoker outside the Americas. His neighbours in Spain were so frightened by the smoke billowing from his mouth and nostrils that they alerted the Spanish Inquisition, and Jerez was imprisoned for seven years. By the time he was released, smoking had become fashionable in Spain. In 1497 Ramon Pane who had been on the second voyage of Columbus describes the native use of tobacco in De Insularium Ribitus. Columbus in 1498 named the island of Tobago after the native tobacco pipe. Throughout the 16th century, the habit of smoking spread mainly among sailors. It was introduced to England by the crew of Sir John Hawkins in the 1560s. In 1559, Francisco Hernandez de Toledo introduced the plant to the court of Philippe II where it was at first only grown as an ornamental plant. Tobacco made an impact on European society only from the 1580s; in England, some returning Virginia colonists in 1586 caused a sensation by smoking tobacco from pipes. The tobacco plant in Elizabethan England was known as sotweed. The habit caught on, and in 1604, James I wrote his A Counterblaste to Tobacco, and multiplied import tax on tobacco by a factor of 40. Similarly, an imperial edict in 1610 prohibited the use and cultivation of tobacco in China, where, from 1638, smokers could be punished by decapitation. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-48), smoking Landsknechts spread tobacco use among the rural population of the European continent: records of smoking in Sweden date to 1630 and in Austria to 1650. In 1642, Urban VIII issued a papal bull against smoking in churches. In 1657, smoking was prohibited in Switzerland.
More on [ Tobacco smoking ]
@jayrosen_nyu @thenation Given Palin, biz & rt-wing record (Palin bio, Big tobacco, lead paint/gas, creationism), hysteria seems calculated
hughsansom (Hugh Sansom) Sun, 13 Dec 2009 06:13:38 -0000
@jayrosen_nyu @thenation Given Palin, biz & rt-wing record (Palin bio, Big tobacco, lead paint/gas, creationism), hysteria seems calculated
Tobacco Company Downplayed Risks in China http://trcb.us/Ra2
ComLoans (Commercial Loans) Sun, 13 Dec 2009 06:09:53 -0000
Tobacco Company Downplayed Risks in China http://trcb.us/Ra2
RT @Mandatek I learned early to drink beer, wine and whiskey. And I think I was about 5 when I first chewed tobacco. Babe Ruth
magicalmirror1 (Phillip Pullmin) Sun, 13 Dec 2009 06:09:02 -0000
RT @Mandatek I learned early to drink beer, wine and whiskey. And I think I was about 5 when I first chewed tobacco. Babe Ruth
I learned early to drink beer, wine and whiskey. And I think I was about 5 when I first chewed tobacco. Babe Ruth
Mandatek (Michele Rempel) Sun, 13 Dec 2009 06:07:25 -0000
I learned early to drink beer, wine and whiskey. And I think I was about 5 when I first chewed tobacco. Babe Ruth
Now Playing on Low Mercury: Nor Elle ''No Tobacco'' (from Taxi)
groovera (Groovera) Sun, 13 Dec 2009 06:06:46 -0000
Now Playing on Low Mercury: Nor Elle ''No Tobacco'' (from Taxi)
@maxxed2009 Well I mean yeah, the poisonous ones. But I didn't think potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant, tobacco, etc was common
SoulSurrendered (Roslyn Delacroix) Sun, 13 Dec 2009 06:04:10 -0000
@maxxed2009 Well I mean yeah, the poisonous ones. But I didn't think potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant, tobacco, etc was common
Women and Smoking - Chapter in a book on tobacco in the UK.
Meta Description: [ Tobacco Explained: 8. Big Tobacco and Women ...what the tobacco industry's confidential documents reveal, ASH UK Paper ]
Cigarettes - Women's Cancer Network explains why the lower tar and nicotine numbers are misleading, the cigarettes are designed to trick the smoking machines, and light cigarettes are no less lethal.
Girls and Tobacco - Campaign For Tobacco-Free Kids backgrounder covers cigarette promotions targeting women and girls. In PDF.
16. Women and smoking - Chapter in a book on smoking in Australia.
A Primer on Women and Tobacco: The Leading American Epidemic - Report in PDF format from the American Medical Students Association on tobacco marketing, tobacco use, and women.
ACSH: Tobacco and Women's Health: A Survey of Popular Women's Magazines, August 1999-August 2000 - Follow-up to earlier ACSH research finds women's magazines still give little or no coverage to lung cancer or other health effects of smoking, and still take plenty of cigarette ads, and still dispense plenty of other health advice.
Meta Description: [ Many women rely on magazines for information about health. Yet past studies of popular women’s magazines (including studies by the American Council on Science and Health [ACSH]) have found little or no coverage of the serious health consequences of smoking, the leading preventable cause of deat... ]
Adverse Effects of Tobacco Smoking on Reproduction - Cigarette smoking is not only harmful to an individual. It is particularly detrimental during the reproductive period, when it may not only harm the unborn child, but may also damage the reproductive capacity of the next generation.
Background on Women and Girls and Tobacco - Pamphlet from the Partnership for Smoking or Health (Missouri health group).
Catching Our Breath: A Journal About Change for Women who Smoke - Written by women for women; explores some of the problems women must overcome to quit smoking, or to reduce the amount they smoke. Also explores why women smoke as well as ways to cope and relax without smoking.
Meta Description: [ Catching our Breath: A Journal about change for women who smoke, explores some of the problems women must overcome to quit smoking, or to reduce the amount they smoke. Also explores why women smoke as well as ways to cope and relax without smoking. ]
Christy Turlington: Not Just A Cover Model- A Role Model - Turlington writes about her own story of tobacco addiction and losing a loved one to lung cancer.
Meta Description: [ Supermodel Christy Turlington has graced the cover of so many magazines,her face has become almost synonymous with beauty and fashion. In a presentation adapted from a speech she gave to the Society for Women's Health Research, Christy speaks, not as a famous model, but as a super role model for... ]
Cigarette Ads Targetting Women - A collection of cigarette ads targetting women, from a gallery of cigarette ads.
Cigarette Companies Blow Smoke In Women's Eyes - Newspaper article outlines a few ways cigarettes are promoted to women.
Meta Description: [ Cigarette Companies Blow Smoke In Women's Eyes ]
Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy - New evidence that cigarette smoking during pregnancy can cause attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, aggressive behavior disorders and lower math and reading scores in children.
Meta Description: [ New evidence cigarette smoking during pregnancy can cause
attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity,
aggressive behavior disorders and lower math and reading scores in children. ]
Cigarettes Linked to Breast Cancer - Summary of recent research.
Meta Description: [ , ]
Cigarettes More Dangerous to Women - According to recent research.
Countering Tobacco Marketing Towards Females - The National Coalition FOR Women AGAINST Tobacco reports that advertising that targets women and girls has actually increased since the tobacco settlement.
Meta Description: [ Quit smoking with the help and support of About.com Smoking Cessation. Get the quit smoking support and information you need at our active smoking cessation support forum. Meet people just like you who are working to quit smoking permanently. Visit the smoking cessation website and find out how y... ]
Creating a Global Tobacco Culture Among Women - Book chapter explores tobacco industry promotion worldwide targeting women.
Facts on Women and Tobacco - Fact sheet from the Center for Disease Control (CDC).
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Higher death risk for women smokers - Women are twice as likely to develop an untreatable form of lung cancer than men, according to the UK's biggest lung cancer study.
Independence From Smoking - National Women's Health Information Center provides information and resources to empower women and girls, and the people they love, to gain independence from smoking.
International Network of Women against Tobacco (INWAT) - Founded in 1990 by women tobacco control leaders to address the complex issues of tobacco use among women and young girls.
ivillage: Smoking and Women - Why tobacco products are more harmful to women; dimensions of the problem nationally; quitting; prevention.
Meta Description: [ Research womens health issues and information at iVillage, the Internet for Women. Get your womens health questions answered and look up your symptoms with the iVillage symptom finder. ]
Japan Ads Sell Women On Smoking - US tobacco companies run ads in Japan for brands such as Virginia Slims using images of liberated, Western, cosmopolitan women. Over the same period, the number of female smokers has climbed, young women in particular
Meta Description: [ Japan Ads Sell Women On Smoking ]
June Russell's Health Facts: Smoking - Women - Factsheet on tobacco products and their effects on women, children, and families.
Meta Description: [ June Russell's Health Facts is an online resource for health education. ]
Ladies Home Journal on Smoking - Smoking quiz, quitting tips, and dealing with withdrawal symptoms.
Meta Description: [ Quit smoking information from Ladies' Home Journal ]
Marketing Cigarettes to Women - Fact Sheet - CDC pamphlet covers history of cigarette advertising strategies, current advertising strategies, sponsorships and promotions, and global advertising strategies.
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OnHealth: Smokeless Tobacco Increases Breast Cancer Risk - Spit tobacco increases a woman's risk of breast cancer.
Meta Description: [ Preliminary results suggest that using smokeless tobacco may dramatically increase the risk of breast cancer, Wake Forest University School of Medicine researchers reported today. ]
Our Health vs. Their Profits: the Lure of Smoking Continues for Girls - Essay from editors of Our Bodies, Ourselves reflects on the progress not made when it comes to women, girls, and smoking.
Philip Morris: National Expert on Women - Once-secret memo, the Virginia Slims Opinion Poll Public Relations Plan, documents a PR campaign that Philip Morris ran to position itself as the most authoritative chronicler of women's issues
Pregnancy and smoking: a lethal combination - Information on how much harm tobacco products cause during and after pregnancy.
Meta Description: [ When you light your cigarette in pregnancy, you're not the only one who smokes. Your baby does to! ]
Recruiting Women Smokers: The Engineering of Consent - Summarizes research on how cigarette advertisers structure their messages and images to get more women to smoke.
Meta Description: [ State of Oregon: Tobacco Prevention Program ]
Review - The Female Smoker: From Addiction to Recovery. - Book review.
Rite Aid Is Taking A Stand - Photo essay takes a hard look at Rite Aid's claim that it's taking a stand against heart disease in women.
Secondhand Smoke Causes Women Decreased Lung Function - Secondhand smoke causes decreased lung function in women, especially women with asthma, according to a recent study.
Meta Description: [ UniSci is a newsletter of science stories from the major research labs. Headlines link to in-depth articles and editorials. UniSci keeps scientists and others up-to-date on current research. ]
Sluts against Butts - Features women bent on holding the tobacco companies responsible.
Smoke-Free Families: Know a Pregnant Smoker? - Benefits of quitting for you and your baby, resources that will help you quit smoking and stay quit, and how to contact Smoke-Free Families.
Smokey Imagery and the 7 Deadly Myths - Oxygen.com describes tobacco industry use of images of thin, liberated women, enjoying an active, love-filled life, to get women to smoke.
Meta Description: [ Oxygen delivers edgy, intelligent entertainment for women and the men who love them ]
Smoking and Quitting for Women - From the National Women's Health Information Center.
Smoking and Reproduction - ASH-UK Factsheet covers smoking and cervical cancer, fertility, pregnancy, menopause, oral contraceptives, fetal growth and birth weight, spontaneous abortion, complications of pregnancy, perinatal mortality, secondhand smoke and pregnancy, children's health and long-term growth.
Smoking and Women: The Next Wave of the Global Epidemic - World Health Organiziation fact sheet.
Smoking is a Women's Issue - Report from the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids covers harm to women from tobacco products, promotion to women and girls by the tobacco industry.
Smoking Is Ugly - Created Christy Turlington to raise awareness about the effects of smoking, smoking related diseases and lung cancer. More women died of lung cancer in 2002 than of breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer combined Facts and quitting info.
Meta Description: [ Smoking Is Ugly ]
Smoking-Related Deaths On The Rise Among American, French Women - Smoking-related illnesses and deaths among American and French women have risen sharply in recent years, despite vigorous anti-smoking campaigns on a global scale, says a Penn State researcher.
Meta Description: [ Smoking-related illnesses and deaths among American and French women have risen sharply in recent years, despite vigorous anti-smoking campaigns on a global scale, says a Penn State researcher. ]
Smoking: A Guide for Teens - Center for Young Women's Health in Boston provides short factsheet aimed at teen women.
Meta Description: [ Providing education, clinical care, research, and health care information for adolescent girls and young women ]
Smoking: Effects on Mothers and Babies in West Virginia - Matched Birth and Death Certificate data tell a grim tale, and a short discussion gives the story behind the data.
Meta Description: [ Smoking effects on mothers and babies in West Virginia, ]
Speakers Kit on Women and Girls, Tobacco, and Lung Cancer - Slide presentations on tobacco advertising to women, public policy, smoking trends and health issues for women and girls, and smoking cessation approaches and options.
Teenage Girls as the Target of the Tobacco Industry - Factsheet from the American Lung Association. How the industry targets girls in its advertising and promotion; what results it has gotten.
The Marketing of Cigarettes to Women - Academic article documents trends and effects of tobacco industry marketing to women.
The National Partnership to Help Pregnant Smokers Quit - Dedicated to smoking cessation methods and education about health issues arising from pregnancy and smoking. We help pregnant women quit smoking.
The New Face of Tobacco: Women - Znet article surveys tobacco industry marketing to women in the US and worldwide.
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The Tobacco Reference Guide: Pregnancy and Fertility - Factsheets on tobacco and congenital anomalies, fertility and menopause, general effects, miscarriage, and low birth weight.
500
The Tobacco Reference Guide: Women and Smoking - Current and historical trends documented from a book on tobacco.
The Wrong Way to Stay Slim - Editorial from the New England Journal of Medicine looks at the connection between body image, advertising, and smoking.
Meta Description: [ The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a weekly general medical journal that publishes new medical research findings, review articles, and editorial opinion on a wide variety of topics of importance to biomedical science and clinical practice. ]
This Kills Women: Do Feminist Groups Even Care? - Washington Post article examines why women's groups say little about the leading cause of preventable death among women; one factor covered is tobacco industry money accepted by women's groups.
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Tobacco Advertising - Gallery of tobacco ads, some exploiting women, some targetting women.
Tobacco Advertising and Women: Virginia Slims Advertising - You've come a long way baby. A collection of Virginia Slimds ads shows how cigarettes were pushed in the 70's.
Tobacco and Women - Trends and Strategies for Quitting - Dr. Susan Stewart gives the trends, the outcomes, and your personal options in ordinary language.
Tobacco and Women's Health - Book review of book of same title.
Tobacco as a Problem for Women - Collection of articles on tobacco impacts on women.
Meta Description: [ , ]
Tobacco Companies Exploit Women, says WHO - Tobacco companies are exploiting women's struggle for equal rights by creating the impression that tobacco makes women more confident, more sexually attractive, and more in control of their own destiny, says a World Health Organization report.
Torches of Freedom - Themes of Women's Liberation in American Cigarette Advertising; a paper presented at the Southwest / Texas Popular Culture Association Convention. In PDF.
U.S. Tobacco Makers Targetted Women Since '20s - ABC News article provides a quick summary of the long history.
Virginia SLAM! - Leslie Nuchow began Virginia SLAM! as a counter movement against the Virginia Slims record label, Woman Thing Music. Virginia SLAM! produced two SLAM! concerts in 1997 and 1998, featuring the Indigo Girls and Shawn Mullins that focused on keeping the tobacco industry out of music.
Meta Description: [ Leslie Nuchow began Virginia SLAM! as a counter movement against the Virginia Slims’ record label, Woman Thing Music. Virginia SLAM! produced two SLAM! concerts in 1997 and 1998, featuring the Indigo Girls and Shawn Mullins that focused on keeping the tobacco industry out of music. ]
Why Cigarettes Can be a Woman's Worst Enemy - Smoking increases your risk of cervical and rectal cancer; worsens your period; damages your fertility; hurts your unborn baby; ages you; attacks your heart.
Women and Smoking - Discusses effects of smoking on women and the steps to smoking cessation.
Women and Smoking - American Legacy Foundation tobacco education campaign features real women battling very real tobacco-related illnesses light emphysema, lung cancer, and throat cancer, and highlights their real parting letters to their family and loved ones.
Women and Smoking - A 2001 report of the U.S. Surgeon General which includes patterns of tobacco used among women, graphs, statistical data, how to quit, state information, links.
Women and Tobacco - WHO report. Women as the tobacco industry sees them; health effects of tobacco specific to women; women's brands and 'light' cigarettes.
Women Face Unique Risks From Smoking Says Surgeon General's Report - The marked increase in the number of women who die each year from tobacco products has led the surgeon general to call smoking-related disease among women a full-blown epidemic.
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Women's Health Project: Tobacco Advertising and Women - NOW pamphlet. Within six years of the tobacco industry's introduction of cigarette brands and ad campaigns targetting women, the number of girls smoking increased 110%. Factsheet and research references.
Meta Description: [ NOW Foundation document ]
Women's Health Project: Tobacco Advertising and Women - NOW Foundation fact sheet.
Meta Description: [ NOW Foundation, Inc. ]
Women's Magazines Cover Up Health Risks - Congressional testimony on why women's magazines, while reporting widely on health topics, have a near complete lack of coverage on smoking.
Meta Description: [ media, survey, smoking, reporting, journalists, articles about smoking, cigarettes, lung cancer, coverage ]
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Women, Girls and Tobacco: The Global Facts and the Challenge - Short paper on women and tobacco; tobacco promotion to women and girls; global impact of tobacco on women; recommendations for action.
You're Going Too Far, Baby: Cigarette Makers Woo Women in the Developing World - Village Voice article. Tobacco industry developed its smoking = liberation message for women in the U.S. in the 1970's; now it's exporting that message to promote tobacco to women globally.
Meta Description: [ You’re Going Too Far, Baby ]
You've Come a Long Way...or Have You? - From the American Council on Science and Health a survey of 13 magazines over two years shows that women's magazines still downplaying health effects of smoking. The ratio of cigarette ads to articles on smoking is actually increasing.
Meta Description: [ National Health Council, American adults, health news, American women, women's magazines, sources of health information, health topics, medical news, risks of smoking ]
You've Gone the Wrong Way, Baby - Women's smoking, targetting of women in tobacco marketing, and resulting cancer rates, with a focus on Canada.
Zyban may be better than nicotine to help women snuff tobacco habit - Recent research finds Zyban is more effective than nicotine patches or gum for women quitting smoking.
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