System (from the Latin (systēma), and this from the Greek σύστημα (sustēma)) is an assemblage of element comprising a whole with each element related to other elements. Any element which has no relationship with any other element of the system, cannot be a part of that system. A subsystem is then a set of elements which is a proper subset of the whole system.
Every division of an object/entity into systems is arbitrary, therefore it is a subjective abstract concept. The scientific research field which is engaged in the transdisciplinary study of universal systemic properties of the World is the General System Theory or Systems science, it investigates the abstract properties of the matter and mind, their organization, searching concepts and principles which are independent on the specific domain, independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scales of existence.
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BBC News: Nicotine Help for Tourette's - Nicotine patches may help patients with Tourette's syndrome control involuntary movements.
Meta Description: [ Nicotine patches may help patients with Tourette's sydrome control some of the involuntary movements that plague patients. ]
Cognitive Effects of Nicotine - Report on studies of nicotine and other nicotinic agonists on improving performance on attention and memory tasks, as well as on treating Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Nicotine Metabolite Shows Promise for Improving Memory, Protecting Brain Cells - Report that a nicotine metabolite may improve memory and protect brain cells from diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The researcher is Dr. Jerry J. Buccafusco, director of the Alzheimer's Research Center at the Medical College of Georgia.
Meta Description: [ A nicotine metabolite shows promise for improving memory and protecting brain cells from diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's without addiction and other side effects of nicotine, says a Medical College of Georgia researcher. ]
Nicotine Studied as Treatment for Brain Disorders - News article in Boston Globe about research indicating that nicotine seems to diminish mental impairment stemming from stress or an underactive thyroid, and may help people with brain disorders ranging from Alzheimer's disease to schizophrenia.
Nicotine-Like Drugs Can Enhance Learning and Memory - Report by Duke University behavioral pharmacologist Edward Levin that nicotine-like compounds help restore the ability to learn and remember in rats that have brain lesions similar to those found in Alzheimer's disease patients. Reported in Science Daily News.
Meta Description: [ While nicotine does addict people to cigarettes, scientists are learning that nicotine, when separated from tobacco, may have beneficial effects as well. ]
Smoking Causes Mental Decline - Recent research finds cigarettes cause faster mental decline as smokers get older.
Meta Description: [ ELDERLY people who smoke lose their mental faculties up to five times faster than non-smokers. A study of almost 10,000 pensioners from Britain and continental Europe has found that smoking habits have an impact on cognitive function, with past or pre ]
Smoking Damages Your IQ - 50 year research finds cigarettes lower intelligence, increase memory loss, slow reflexes, and impair problem solving ability.
Meta Description: [ SMOKERS risk damaging their intelligence, suffering memory loss, slower reflexes and impaired problem solving. Scientists have, for the first time, linked smoking with impaired mental agility in a study which shows that the habit can reduce a person ]
Smoking Does Not Protect Against Dementia or Alzheimer's Disease - Contrary to suggestions from previous research, this study of over 34,000 subjects found no effect of smoking on senility or Alzheimer's. The previous suggestions that it did came from flawed studies, say the authors.
Meta Description: [ Smoking does not protect against dementia or Alzheimer's
disease, shows a study in this week's BMJ, contradicting the
implications of some previous research. ]
Smoking May Be a Cause of Some Psychiatric Disorders - New studies suggest that cigarettes are a cause of some psychiatric disorders, including common conditions such as depression and anxiety.
Smoking May Lead to Anxiety Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults - Recent research shows that tobacco products may cause anxiety, panic attacks and fear of leaving home.
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Study: Smoking Doubles Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer's disease - Largest and most recent study indicates that smokers are twice as likely to develop Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.
Meta Description: [ CANOE - Your Internet network ]
Tobacco Does Not Alleviate Stress But Actually Increase It - Research evidence is the apparent relaxing effect of smoking only reflects the reversal of the tension and irritability that develop during nicotine depletion.
Meta Description: [ Summary of American Psychologist article by Andy Parrott, PhD which reviews psychological studies about the relationship between smoking and nicotine dependency and stress for both novice and regular smokers. Links to aritcle full text. ]
Tobacco May Be a Cause of Mental Illness - Article summarizes increasing evidence from larger research studies that tobacco products cause anxiety, depression, phobias, and alcohol and drug dependence.
Meta Description: [ The online edition of The Blade, Toledo's only daily newspaper. The web site is the leading online source for news and information in northwest Ohio. ]
Will Nicotine Help Slow Memory Loss? - A study led by Paul Newhouse, M.D., at the University of Vermont will examine nicotine's effect on mild cognitive impairment.
Meta Description: [ On a hill overlooking the shores of Lake Champlain, at the foot of the Green Mountains, the University of Vermont combines faculty-student relationships most commonly found in a small liberal arts college with the resources of a major research university. ]
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