The philosophical concept of causality, the principles of causes, or causation, the working of causes, refers to the set of all particular "causal" or "cause-and-effect" relations. A neutral definition is notoriously hard to provide since every aspect of causation has received substantial debate. Most generally, causation is a relationship that holds between events, objects, variables, or states of affairs. Causality presumes that all those things must have at least one cause, factor, or reason. It is also usually presumed that the cause chronologically precedes the effect. Finally, the existence of a causal relationship generally suggests that - all other things being equal - if the cause occurs the effect will as well (or at least the probability of the effect occurring will increase).
In natural languages, causal relationships can be expressed by the following causative expressions: i) a set of causative verbs make, create, do, effect, produce, occasion, perform, determine, influence; construct, compose, constitute; provoke, motivate, force, facilitate, induce, get, stimulate; begin, commence, initiate, institute, originate, start; prevent, keep, restrain, preclude, forbid, stop, cease; ii) a set of causative names agent, author, creator, designer, former, originator; antecedent, causality, causation, condition, fountain, occasion, origin, power, precedent, reason, source, spring; reason, grounds, motive, need, impulse; iii) a set of effective names creation, development, effect, end, event, fruit, impact, influence, issue, outcome, outgrowth, product, result, upshot. Causality is the centerpiece of the universe and so the main subject of ontology; for comprehending the nature, meaning, kinds, varieties, and ordering of cause and effect amounts to knowing the beginnings and endings of things, to uncovering the implicit mechanisms of world dynamics, or to having the fundamental scientific knowledge.
Osteoporosis :: Musculoskeletal Disorders

ACS: Role Of Dairy Products In Reducing Ovarian Cancer Risk Still Confusing - Examination of recent research.
AJCN: Dairy Foods and Bone Health: Examination of the Evidence - Review by Roland L. Weinsier and Carlos L. Krumdieck to determine whether scientific evidence supports the recommendation that dairy foods be consumed daily for improved bone health in the general US population.
AlterNet: White Poison: The Horrors of Milk - Shanti Rangwani summarizes the conflicting information from medical and dairy industry sources.
Briefing on Milk and Breast Cancer - The conflicting claims and research findings regarding a connection between dairy products and breast cancer. Includes references.
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Effect of Dietary Calcium and Milk Consumption on Risk of Thromboembolic Stroke in Older Middle-aged Men - Examination of the effect of baseline dietary calcium and milk intake on stroke risk in 22 years of follow-up in 3150 men 55 to 68 years old.
Milk: What is the Deal? - Detailed report on the conflicting information about milk, including information about the sources of propaganda.
The World's Healthiest Foods: Do I need to eat dairy products in order to prevent osteoporosis? - Explores consumption of dairy products as a nutritional strategy for preventing osteoporosis. Includes a list of calcium-rich foods and references.
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Udder Confusion - Addesses the claims being made about milk and dairy products.
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