The low birth weight paradox is a certain observation relating birth weights and mortality of children born to smoking mothers. It is an example of Simpson's paradox.
Traditionally, babies weighing less than 2,500 grams (5.5lb) at birth have been classified as low birth weight. In a given population, low birth weight babies have a significantly higher mortality rate than others. Populations with a higher rate of low birth weights typically also have higher rates of child mortality than other populations.
The children of smoking mothers are more likely to be of low birth weight, and also have a higher child mortality. The surprising observation is that low birth weight babies of smoking mothers have a lower child mortality than low birth weight babies of non-smokers. (This is not specific to smoking; poverty for example has the same effect.)
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