An antigen is a substance that stimulates an immune response, especially the production of antibodies. Antigens are usually proteins or polysaccharides, but can be any type of molecule, including small molecules (haptens) coupled to a carrier-protein.

Types of antigens

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• Immunogen - Any substance that provokes the immune response when introduced into the body. An immunogen is always a macromolecule (protein, polysaccharide). Its ability to stimulate the immune reaction depends on its commonness to the host, molecular size, chemical composition and heterogeneity (e.g. similar to amino acids in a protein).
• Tolerogen - An antigen that invokes a specific immune non-responsiveness due to its molecular form. If its molecular form is changed, a tolerogen can become an immunogen.
• Allergen - An allergen is a substance that causes the allergic reaction. It can be ingested, inhaled, injected or comes into contact with skin.

Cells present their antigens to the immune system via a histocompatibility molecule. Depending on the antigen presented and the type of the histocompatibility molecule, several types of immune cells can become activated.

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