Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is involved in the response to stress; it increases blood pressure, blood sugar levels, may cause infertility in women, and suppresses the immune system.
Synthetic cortisol, also known as hydrocortisone, is used as a drug mainly to fight allergies and inflammation.
Synthesis
Cortisol is synthesized from
pregnenolone. The conversion involves
hydroxylation of C-11, C-17, and C-21, the oxidation of C-3, and the isomerization of the C-5 double bond to C-4. The synthesis takes place in the
zona fasciculata of the
cortex of the adrenal glands. While the adrenal cortex also produces
aldosterone (in the
zona glomerulosa) and some
sex hormones (in the
zona reticulosa), cortisol is its main secretion. (The name
cortisol comes from
cortex.) The medulla of the adrenal gland lies under the cortex and mainly secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine under sympathetic stimulation.
The synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal gland is stimulated by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); production of ACTH is in turn stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), released by the hypothalamus.
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