Epinephrine (INN) (IPA: ) or adrenaline (BAN) (IPA: ), sometimes spelled "epinephrin" or "adrenalin" respectively, is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. Epinephrine is a catecholamine, a sympathomimetic monoamine derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. The Latin roots ad-+renes and the Greek roots epi-+nephros both literally mean "on/to the kidney" (referring to the adrenal gland, which secretes epinephrine). Epinephrine is sometimes shortened to epi in medical jargon.

In May 1886, William Bates reported the discovery of a substance produced by the adrenal gland in the New York Medical Journal. Epinephrine was isolated and identified in 1895 by Napoleon Cybulski, a Polish physiologist. The discovery was repeated in 1897 by John Jacob Abel. Jokichi Takamine discovered the same hormone in 1900, without knowing about the previous discovery; but, in later years, counterevidence is shown from the experiment note that Kaminaka leaves that the Takamine team is the discoverer of first adrenaline. It was first artificially synthesized in 1904 by Friedrich Stolz.

Actions in the body

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Epinephrine plays a central role in the short-term stress reaction—the physiological response to threatening, exciting or environmental stressor conditions such as high noise levels or bright light (see Fight-or-flight response). It is secreted by the adrenal medulla. When released into the bloodstream, epinephrine binds to multiple receptors and has numerous effects throughout the body. It increases heart rate and stroke volume, dilates the pupils, and constricts arterioles in the skin and gut while dilating arterioles in leg muscles. It elevates the blood sugar level by increasing hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and at the same time begins the breakdown of lipids in adipocytes. Epinephrine has a suppressive effect on the immune system.

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All frozen up and I'm shaking to beat the ban. The numbing stuff has epinephrine in it I think he told me last time. My HR feels about 120.
tarynrom (Taryn) Tue, 22 Dec 2009 17:12:02 -0000
All frozen up and I'm shaking to beat the ban. The numbing stuff has epinephrine in it I think he told me last time. My HR feels about 120.
@linleyd I believe you! Though apparently it's just the epinephrine with me -- and there are other kinds that don't have it. I have options!
lorcasaur (lorcasaur) Tue, 22 Dec 2009 02:56:01 -0000
@linleyd I believe you! Though apparently it's just the epinephrine with me -- and there are other kinds that don't have it. I have options!
Researching the miserable reaction I had to novocaine w/epinephrine at the dentist today. Apparently that heart-attacky feeling is NORMAL?!
lorcasaur (lorcasaur) Tue, 22 Dec 2009 00:56:27 -0000
Researching the miserable reaction I had to novocaine w/epinephrine at the dentist today. Apparently that heart-attacky feeling is NORMAL?!
[ http://1889.ca/9HV ] @1889ca ... I am deeply touched. I may need a shot of epinephrine myself now :) #refrigerator
piers_hollott (piers_hollott) Mon, 21 Dec 2009 21:14:53 -0000
[ http://1889.ca/9HV ] @1889ca ... I am deeply touched. I may need a shot of epinephrine myself now :) #refrigerator
New from Boxcutters: Special Epinephrine Delta Force: Wilbur Wilde, James Talia, Tom Elliot http://bit.ly/5KTpA0
sealfur (Josh Kinal) Mon, 21 Dec 2009 17:45:56 -0000
New from Boxcutters: Special Epinephrine Delta Force: Wilbur Wilde, James Talia, Tom Elliot http://bit.ly/5KTpA0
New from Boxcutters: Special Epinephrine Delta Force: Wilbur Wilde, James Talia, Tom Elliot http://bit.ly/5KTpA0
BoxcuttersCast (Boxcutters Podcast) Mon, 21 Dec 2009 17:45:56 -0000
New from Boxcutters: Special Epinephrine Delta Force: Wilbur Wilde, James Talia, Tom Elliot http://bit.ly/5KTpA0

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