A journal (through French from late Latin diurnalis, daily) has several related meanings:

• a daily record of events or business; a private journal is usually referred to as a diary.
• a newspaper or other periodical, in the literal sense of one published each day;
• however, some publications issued at stated intervals, such as a magazine or the record of the transactions of society such as a scientific journal or academic journals in general, are called a journal. Journal, then, is sometimes used as a synonym for "magazine".

The word "journalist" for one whose business is writing for the public press has been in use since the end of the 17th century.

"Journal" is also applied to the record, day by day, of the business and proceedings of a public body:

• The journals of the British Houses of Parliament contain an official record of the business transacted day by day in either house. The record does not take note of speeches, though some of the earlier volumes contain references to them. The journals are a lengthened account written from the "Votes and Proceedings" (in the House of Lords called "Minutes of Proceedings"), made day by day by the Clerks at the Table, and printed on the responsibility of the Clerk of the House. In the Commons the Votes and Proceedings, but not the Journal, bear the Speaker's signature in fulfilment of a former order that he should "peruse" them before publication. The journals of the British House of Commons begin in the first year of the reign of Edward VI in 1547, and are complete, except for a short interval under Elizabeth I. Those of the House of Lords date from the first year of Henry VIII in 1509. Before that date the proceedings in parliament were entered in the rolls of parliament, which extend from 1278 to 1503. The journals of the Lords are "records" in the judicial sense, those of the Commons are not (see Erskine May, Parliamentary Practice, 1906, pp. 201-202).
• Section 5 of Article I of the United States Constitution requires the Congress of the United States to keep a journal of its proceedings. This journal, the Congressional Record is published by the Government Printing Office.

Journals of this sort are also often referred to as minutes.

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ScienceDirect Publication: Urologic Clinics of North America

US Health Care: Single-Payer or Market Reform
Mon, 17 Aug 2009 19:21:50 -0000
Publication year: 2009Source: Urologic Clinics of North America, Volume 36, Issue 1, February 2009, Pages 57-62David U., Himmelstein , Steffie, WoolhandlerThe authors advocate a fundamental change in health care financing—national health insurance (NHI). NHI would reorient the way we pay for care, bringing the hundreds of billions now squandered on malignant bureaucracy back to the bedside. NHI could restore the physician-patient relationship, offer patients a free choice of physicians and hospitals, and free physicians from the hassles of insurance paperwork.
The American Medical Association Stake in the Future of US Health Care: The American Medical Association Plan for Reform of the US Health Care System
Mon, 17 Aug 2009 19:21:50 -0000
Publication year: 2009Source: Urologic Clinics of North America, Volume 36, Issue 1, February 2009, Pages 63-71William G., Plested IIIThis article discusses the need for health care reform. The American Medical Association has devised a plan that would allow all Americans to obtain health care coverage. This article discusses that plan and advocates for physicians and patients to demand meaningful health care reform from lawmakers.
Residency Training: Where Do We Go from Here
Mon, 17 Aug 2009 19:21:50 -0000
Publication year: 2009Source: Urologic Clinics of North America, Volume 36, Issue 1, February 2009, Pages 73-77Robert R., BahnsonResidency training in urologic surgery should change to an educational experience driven by outcomes instead of process. The needs analysis for curriculum modification has been completed and defines the competencies (enduring skills) of the complete physician. The challenge now rests with organizational leaders of urology to design programs that ensure the acquisition of these characteristics and conserve time and economic resources.
Certification, Recertification, and Maintenance: Continuing to Learn
Mon, 17 Aug 2009 19:21:50 -0000
Publication year: 2009Source: Urologic Clinics of North America, Volume 36, Issue 1, February 2009, Pages 79-83Linda M., Dairiki ShortliffeThe process of certification, recertification, and maintenance of certification is mandated by the American Board of Urology as a member Board of the American Board of Medical Specialties. The history of maintenance of certification parallels that of private regulation of medical schools and postgraduate medical education (residency) and other nonmedical areas in which public trust is involved. Current trends in information technology that allow data gathering that measure medical practice and recognition of failure mandate that urologists practice with current knowledge. This will be documented in the maintenance of certification process.
The Sad and Bleak Future for Urology Funding at the National Institutes of Health
Mon, 17 Aug 2009 19:21:50 -0000
Publication year: 2009Source: Urologic Clinics of North America, Volume 36, Issue 1, February 2009, Pages 85-93Lars M., Ellison , Carl A., OlssonThe bulk of federal funding for medical research is delivered through the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Because federal funding is coordinated through the annual discretionary budget review process, the budget for NIH varies from year to year. Small changes in the rate of funding growth lead to significant problems for individual researchers and their supporting institutions. There is no single metric that serves as a surrogate to predict the appropriations process. This article begins with a history and physical examination of NIH. Next, the authors review the internal NIH priorities that continue to drive the funding process. Finally, the...
Supergroups and Economies of Scale
Mon, 17 Aug 2009 19:21:50 -0000
Publication year: 2009Source: Urologic Clinics of North America, Volume 36, Issue 1, February 2009, Pages 95-100Steven, SchlossbergWith the changing environment for medical practice, physician practice models will continue to evolve. These “supergoups'' create economies of scale, but their advantage is not only in the traditional economic sense. Practices with enough size are able to better meet the challenges of medical practice with increasing regulatory demands, explosion of clinical knowledge, quality and information technology initiatives, and an increasingly tight labor market. Smaller practices can adapt some of these strategies selectively. Depending on the topic, smaller practices should think differently about how to approach the challenges of practice.

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Urology: A Critical Medical Field