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For referencing in Wikipedia, see Citing sources.

In general, a reference is something that refers to or designates something else, or acts as a connection or a link between two things. The objects it links may be concrete, such as books or locations, or abstract, such as data, thoughts, or memories. The object which is named by a reference, or to which the reference points, is the referent.

The term reference is used with different specialized meanings in a variety of fields, as follows:

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Wiley: All New Life Sciences Titles

Technology Transfer in Biotechnology: A Global Perspective
Prabuddha Ganguli (Editor), Ben Prickril (Editor), Rita Khanna (Editor) Mon, 29 Jun 2009 04:00:00 -0000
  Here, the world's top experts impart their knowledge and experience, many in print for the first time. By considering developing country markets, this book is the first truly global guide to technology transfer, helping companies all around the world to avoid costly mistakes in product development and to recover investments quickly. Individual sections treat trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights, technology transfer in health and healthcare Read More...
Redox Signaling and Regulation in Biology and Medicine
Claus Jacob (Editor), Paul G. Winyard (Editor) Mon, 29 Jun 2009 04:00:00 -0000
  This first entry-level guide to the multifaceted field takes readers one step further than existing textbooks. In an easily accessible manner, the authors integrate the biochemistry, cell biology and medical implications of intracellular redox processes, demonstrating that complex science can be presented in a clear and almost entertaining way.Perfect for students and junior researchers, this is an equally valuable addition to courses in biochemistry Read More...
Reviews of Nonlinear Dynamics and Complexity: Volume 2
Heinz Georg Schuster (Editor) Mon, 29 Jun 2009 04:00:00 -0000
  Adopting a cross-disciplinary approach, the review character of this monograph sets it apart from specialized journals. The editor is advised by a first-class board of international scientists, such that the carefully selected and invited contributions represent the latest and most relevant findings. The resulting review uses a common language and enables both researchers and newcomers in both natural and social science as well as engineering to access Read More...
Glutathione and Sulfur Amino Acids in Human Health and Disease
Roberta Masella, Giuseppe Mazza Mon, 29 Jun 2009 04:00:00 -0000
  Glutathione and Sulfur Amino Acids in Human Health and DiseaseEdited by Roberta Masella and Giuseppe MazzaThe complex roles of glutathione and sulfur amino acids in human healthGlutathione (Á-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, GSH) is a major antioxidant acting as a free radical scavenger that protects the cell from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sulfur amino acids (SAAs), such as methionine and cysteine, play a critical role in the maintenance of health Read More...
Antiparasitic and Antibacterial Drug Discovery: From Molecular Targets to Drug Candidates
Paul M. Selzer (Editor) Mon, 29 Jun 2009 04:00:00 -0000
  Addressing parasitic diseases and those caused by bacteria, this much needed reference and handbook provides a unique insight into the approach adopted by commercial science towards infectious diseases, including the work of medicinal chemists. Many of the authors are scientists with hands-on experience of drug discovery units within the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, the text covers efforts towards drug development in infectious diseases from Read More...
Immunology: Understanding The Immune System, 2nd Edition
Klaus D. Elgert Mon, 22 Jun 2009 04:00:00 -0000
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The National Center for Health Statistics - Comprehensive information on births, deaths, aging, disease classification and other health statistics.
Meta Description: [ As the Nation’s principal health statistics agency, we compile statistical information to to improve health and guide actions and policies ]

Ask the Medical Expert - Answers to medical related queries searchable from archives of the weekly column.

AskDrWalker - Resources and links to medical information. Includes medical databases, medical search engines, diseases and conditions and useful links for health professionals and patients.
Meta Description: [ This site is dedicated to providing accurate medical information, information services promoting good health, and the treatment of abnormal health conditions. It is unique in its approach being useful to both professional health care provider, and a resource for the layman's guide to better heal... ]

Best Evidence Topics - Access to evidence-based medicine topics. Includes a searchable database.
Meta Description: [ BETs - rapid best evidence answers to clinical questions in Emergency Medicine. A full searchable database. ]

Building Better Health - Medical and healthcare information on disease and health improvement topics. Includes medical news, clinical research and newsletters.

CDC Health Topics A to Z - A listing of disease and health topics from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States.

Centre for Medical Web Research - A virtual centre for researching medical questions on the internet.
Meta Description: [ A virtual centre for Internet based medical research. ]

DiagnosisHealth.com - An online forum discussing various medical topics.
Meta Description: [ Health information and discussion concerning prevention, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the diseases and disorders related to indigestion, digestion system and more ]

DiagnosisHeart.com - Information on heart disease with surgical data and related resources.
Meta Description: [ DiagnosisHeart.com: Heart Disease News and Information, Robotic Heart Surgery, Minimally Invasive Surgery, CABG, Coronary Disease, Heart Disease Treatment, Nutrition, Recipes, and More - Welcome ]

Disease Conditions and Information - A reference guide for about 100 disease and health conditions in an alphabetical listing.

DocMD.com - Provides links to free medical and medically-related sites.
Meta Description: [ DocMD.com provides new information and links for the rapid distribution of new ideas to physicians and health care workers, including additional issues that face their daily practice of medicine. DocMD.com will also provide interesting information including links to other important and fre... ]

Doctor NDTV - Information on a variety of health issues from medical experts. Includes FAQ.
Meta Description: [ DOCTORNDTV For the better health of Indians in India and around the world. Our panel of more than 115 experts will answer your medical queries. The complete Indian Health portal from NDTV. ]

Essent Medical Library - A patient-oriented health resource provided by the Essent Healthcare system.
Meta Description: [ This is the Home Page for the Website. ]

Family Practice Reference Guides - ABFP's 19 Reference Guides from FamilyPractice.com.

Globalrph - Provides drug information, intravenous drug dilution standards and online clinical dosing calculators for health care professionals.
Meta Description: [ Comprehensive intravenous dilution, Dosing calculators, Total parenteral nutrition, heparin dosing, gentamycin dosing, kinetic dosing. ]

Guide to Clinical Preventive Services - The 1996 update report of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) at the CPMC website.

Harrison's Online - Regularly updated online version of the medical textbook. Subscription required with free 4-week trial.
Meta Description: [ McGraw-Hill's AccessMedicine is a subscription-based website that features continually updated medical content from favorite medical titles, including Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. ]

Health Information Library - Alphabetical listing of health information topics by the Carle Clinic and Hospital.

Healthsites UK - A portal to medical and health information for patients and doctors. Access medical and NHS healthcare sites plus news, advice and complementary therapy resources.
Meta Description: [ Healthsites ­ your portal to medical & health information for patients & doctors. Access medical & NHS healthcare sites plus news, advice & complementary therapy resources ]

HospitalWeb - Directory of medical resources for professionals.
Meta Description: [ UK2NET UK2.NET UK'S FREE DOMAIN NAMES ]

Library of the National Medical Society - Links to various journals, online diagnosis, medical textbooks and atlases. Subscription required.
Meta Description: [ Medical Reference Library Online. Journals, books and online diagnosis for medicine, primary care, AIDS, HIV, pediatrics, obstetrics, gynecology, family medicine, psychiatry, and surgery. National Medical Society ]

Longevity Healthy Aging Research Group - Information from this Canadian organisation on getting older and staying healthy.

MDconsult - Includes reference books, journal search, practice guidelines, patient education and drug information. Subscription required with free 10-day pass.
Meta Description: [ Medical Information Service with: full text of medical journals and reference books; practice guidelines; medical news; drug information; MEDLINE; and more. ]

MedCalc - A comprehensive collection of online clinical calculators. Includes ABG, GFR, Fluids and BMI calculations and interpretations.
Meta Description: [ Online Clinical Calculators ]

MedConnect - Information services with a clinical and practical focus for physicians and other health care professionals.

404 Medical Knowledge Base - Offers discussion forums on topics like cancer, AIDS, arthritis, hepatitis, healthy nutrition and motivation.

Medics Travel - Lists hospitals, charities, NGOs and recruitment agencies around the world to help doctors, nurses and medical students plan work and electives overseas.
Meta Description: [ Medics Travel - electives / work with hospitals, medical schools, NGOs & charities for doctors, nurses & students- Elective, electives, medical, nursing, doctors, nurses. It lists recruitment agencies, locum agencies, NGOs, non-governmental organisations, charities, hospitals, registries, medical... ]

Mediresource - Information on diseases and conditions, support groups and drug information. Primarily patient-oriented.
Meta Description: [ MediResourceTM provides credible, physician and pharmacist reviewed health information. ]

Mednav.com - A guide to resources in medicine and science. Links reviewed by experts, projects with the Journal of the AMA and the journal Science and software tools are offered on the site.

MedPix - Database of medical images including radiology, pathology, and dermatology. Case of the Week with CME for physicians and CNE for nurses.
Meta Description: [ Peer Reviewed Radiology Teaching File Cases, Online Medical Image Database and mnemonics, Free Category 1 CME and CNE. RSNA MIRC compatible. X-ray cases, MR,CT,US,Pathology, Endoscopy, Histology, Microscopy, and Dermatology pictures. Dept of Radiology, USUHS, Bethesda, MD. ]

MedServ Medical News - Provides medical information and news to medical professionals worldwide.
Meta Description: [ MedServ Medical News provides medical news covering issues like breakthrough procedures, political and ethical discussions as well as pharma-news. MedServ is suitable for both medical professionals, patients, students and general public. Join the discussionforums or subscribe to the newsletter co... ]

MerckMedicus - Links to health resources for patients, professionals and an online medical library.

My Body - Interactive symptom checker, includes details of some possible causes.
Meta Description: [ My Body - browse our interactive symptom-checker. The Institute of Physical Therapy, Dublin, Ireland. The Priory Clinic treatment centre, Dublin. ]

NCEMI: Common Simple Emergencies - An online manual with detailed instructions and illustrations on how to treat various everyday medical emergencies.

OHSU Health - Information for patients and clinicians on aspects of healthcare. Includes an index of health topics.
Meta Description: [ OHSU Health is your health information resource. Search, Health Topics, Find a Doctor, and learn more about the Oregon Health & Science University system. ]

PedsCCM File Cabinet - A resource of original and distributed educational and practical materials for pediatric critical care practitioners.

Physicians Online - Provides physicians with free access to core services, including MEDLINE, email, private physician discussion groups, full text medical news articles, financial news and stock quote services. Membership required.
Meta Description: [ Medscape is a free resource for Physicians, featuring Free CME (Continuing Medical Education), medical journal articles, MEDLINE, medical news, major conference coverage, and comprehensive drug information. ]

PolyMedicine.com - Clinicians review electronic medical information resources available in any of the following media: browsable WWW sites, downloadable datasets and software or CD-ROMS.
Meta Description: [ Medical doctors review electronic medical information resources available in any of the following media: browsable WWW sites, or downloadable datasets and software, or on CD-ROMS. ]

Predictonline - A testing and awareness site to provide the public and healthcare provider with medical information on various medical conditions.
Meta Description: [ This unique website is designed to provide information and likelihhod of diseases and guide to therapy.>

Prescriptions of The Country Doctor - A collection of informative and current articles issues written by John G. Hipps MD on various health topics.

PreventDisease.com - A patient-oriented portal for up-to-date health information on fitness, lifestyle, nutrition and health tools.

RJ's Medical Directory - A collection of medical links and information categorized by specific topics.
Meta Description: [ RJ's medical pages: A collection of medical information and links, maintained by Raza Jafri. ]

South African Health Information - Reviewed, evidence-based health information based on the South African health system.
Meta Description: [ The health knowledge network is a health information resource focusing on chronic disease prevention, HIV AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other health issues in South Africa ]

Talk Medical - Offers information on diseases, disorders, medications, parenting, and pregnancy. Also contains a searchable medical dictionary.
Meta Description: [ Talk Medical provides powerful medical information at your fingertips. Free for everyone seeking answers to a healthier life. ]

The Doctors Page - Links to patient education materials, medical reference sites and medical humor.
Meta Description: [ Welcome to The Doctors' Page, a web site specifically designed for the practicing physician. Here you'll find a wide range of resources for you and your patients, handpicked to fit your daily information needs. Quickly locate patient education materials, medical reference sites, useful news, gene... ]

500 The Healthy Forum - Provides post-diagnosis advice on health, wellbeing and complementary medicine.
Meta Description: [ Healthy Forum is a Sports Supplements and Nutrition Centre selling Vitamins and Minerals, Supplements, Diet Pills and Womans Health Products ]

500 The Homeless Handbook - An online manual designed to assist support workers of homeless and similarly disadvantaged people who find themselves in medically challenging situations.

The Merck Manual - Online version of The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy.

TheMediweb - Provides a medical dictionary of health information for research and education for health care professionals, academics and the general public.
Meta Description: [ Medical dictionary for research and education. A free on-line service from TheMediWeb for health care professionals and academics. ]

Virtual Hospital - A digital health sciences library at the University of Iowa for health care providers and patients.
Meta Description: [ Virtual Hospital was a digital library of health information in pediatrics, paediatrics, and radiology for pediatric education and radiology education ]

Virtual Naval Hospital - A digital library designed to help primary care providers and to help patients associated with naval medical issues. A service of the U.S. Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery.
Meta Description: [ Virtual Naval Hospital is a digital library of naval medicine and military medicine and humanitarian medicine ]

Well-Connected - Offering over 100 in-depth reports on physical and mental diseases and wellness issues. Written by medical writers and reviewed by a board at Harvard Medical School. Some information available free but most requires paid access.

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