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<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_24.html">
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<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_24.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Adult Psychiatrist sought for community mental health facility.  Practice is mostly outpatient with limited inpatient services at the local inpatient facility. The call will be a rotation of 1:3.  Client ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_missouri/page_21.html">
<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in Southern Missouri Missouri with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_missouri/page_21.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[  Adult Psychiatrist sought for traditional inpatient/outpatient opening. Large hospital system has 423 beds with an inpatient of 33 beds.  Currently 2 Psychiatrists on staff.  Home call of 1:4.  Client ]]></description>
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<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_west_virginia/page_13.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Premier opportunity for Adult or Fellowship trained Child Adolescent Psychiatrist.  This outpatient opportunity is Monday through Friday with no call.  Strong base salary, bonus and full benefits are ]]></description>
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<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_illinois/page_11.html</link>
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<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_california/page_21.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Large multi-specialty group is seeking an experienced Adult Psychiatrist to build this specialty.  This premier opening is outpatient, consults and therapy.  There will be an occasional in-patient consult ]]></description>
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<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in Southern Missouri Area  Huge Potential Missouri with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_missouri/page_20.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Inpatient opportunity in Southern Missouri.  This facility is seeking an Adult Psychiatrist who is comfortable seeing patients from 10+ years to geriatrics.  This unit has a 14-bed Adolescent, 12-bed ]]></description>
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<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in Southern Georgia Georgia with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_georgia/page_16.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Adult Psychiatrist Needed for Georgia.  Regional health facility is seeking an Adult Psychiatrist for an inpatient/outpatient setting.  Call will be shared with other Psychiatrists; however, most call ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_massachusetts/page_9.html">
<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in Close Proximity to Boston Massachusetts with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_massachusetts/page_9.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Private Practice is seeking an Adult or Child/Adolescent Psychiatrist for an expanding group.  Step into an existing practice with an established patient base.  Owner is offering to cover overhead plus ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_30.html">
<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in Growing Group Practice in the Foothills North Carolina with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_30.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Excellent group practice is seeking an Adult Psychiatrist.  This opening is an inpatient and outpatient practice with a Magnet hospital.  Call will be 1:4 and every fourth weekend.  Highly competitive ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_29.html">
<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in Inpatient Setting in the NC Foothills North Carolina with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_29.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Salaried opening offering a very competitive salary in the foothills of North Carolina.  This inpatient practice will share a call of 1:4 and one every fourth weekend.  This call is taken from home.  ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_georgia/page_15.html">
<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in New Behavioral Health Facility - Geriatrics Georgia with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_georgia/page_15.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Close access to Atlanta!  Brand new Behavioral Health Facility is expanding and seeking a Geriatric Psychiatrist.  Practice will be both inpatient and outpatient. Very competitive salary with excellent ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_georgia/page_11.html">
<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in New Behavioral Health Facility Georgia with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_georgia/page_11.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Close Access to Atlanta.  Brand new Behavioral Health Facility is expanding and seeking an Adult Psychiatrist.  Practice will be both inpatient and outpatient.  Call is 1:6.  Competitive salary and benefits. ]]></description>
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<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in Private Practice Seeks Psychiatrist North Carolina with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_27.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Adult Psychiatrist needed for inpatient and outpatient practice.  This facility has a 80-bed behavioral unit.  Practice is an association with 3 full time psychiatrists with shared overhead.  Call coverage ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_23.html">
<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in Western Michigan Seeks 2 Child/Adolescent Psychiat Michigan with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_23.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Large mental health facility is seeking a Child/Adolescent psychiatrist for Western Michigan.  This is an outpatient setting.  Psychiatrist is responsible for providing assessment, counseling, treatment ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_22.html">
<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in Western Michigan Seeks Geriatric Psychiatrist Michigan with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_22.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Large mental health facility is seeking a geriatric psychiatrist for Western Michigan.  This is an outpatient setting.  Psychiatrist is responsible for providing assessment, counseling, treatment and ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_21.html">
<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in Southern Michigan Seeks Addiction Psychiatrist Michigan with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_21.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Large mental health facility is seeking an addictions psychiatrist for Southern Michigan.  This is an outpatient setting.  Psychiatrist is responsible for providing assessment, counseling, treatment and ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_20.html">
<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in Western Michigan Seeks Geriatric Psychiatrist Michigan with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_20.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Large mental health facility is seeking Geriatric Psychiatrist for Western Michigan.  This is an outpatient setting.  Psychiatrist is responsible for providing assessment, counseling, treatment and giving ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_19.html">
<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in Western Michigan Seeks Child &#x26; Adolescent Psychiat Michigan with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_19.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Large mental health facility is seeking Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists for Western Michigan.  This is an outpatient setting.  Psychiatrist is responsible for providing assessment, counseling, treatment ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_18.html">
<title>Permanent PSYCHIATRY Job in Western Michigan Seeks Addiction Psychiatrist Michigan with Enterprise Medical Service</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/perma_psychiatry_jobs_in_michigan/page_18.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Large mental health facility is seeking an addiction psychiatrist for Western Michigan.  This is an outpatient setting.  Psychiatrist is responsible for providing assessment, counseling, treatment and ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_nebraska/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Psychiatry Adult Job in Not Disclosed Nebraska with </title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_nebraska/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[The Grand Island, Nebraska VA Medical Center is in need of a locum tenens Psychiatrist for their facility. The assignment will begin in late July 2009 and will continue for at least three months. Board ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_mississippi/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Psychiatry Adult Job in Not Disclosed Mississippi with Locum Medical Group</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_mississippi/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[A hospital in southern Mississippi is seeking a Psychiatrist for a locum-to-permanent opportunity in its expanding Psychiatry department. This hospital is licensed for 435 beds. The Psychiatrist will ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_west_virginia/page_2.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Psychiatry Adult Job in Not Disclosed West Virginia with Locum Medical Group</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_west_virginia/page_2.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[A hospital in southern West Virginia is seeking a Psychiatrist for a locum tenens to permanent opportunity in its expanding Psychiatry department. This hospital is licensed for 600-beds. The Psychiatrist ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_west_virginia/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Psychiatry Adult Job in Not Disclosed West Virginia with Locum Medical Group</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_west_virginia/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[A hospital in northern West Virginia is seeking a Psychiatrist for a locum tenens-to-permanent opportunity in its expanding Psychiatry department. This hospital is licensed for 126 beds. This Psychiatrist ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_virginia/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Psychiatry Adult Job in Not Disclosed Virginia with Locum Medical Group</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_virginia/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[A hospital in eastern Virginia is seeking a Psychiatrist for a locum-to-permanent opportunity in its expanding Psychiatry department. This hospital is licensed for 271 beds. The Psychiatrist will be responsible ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_texas/page_2.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Psychiatry Adult Job in Not Disclosed Texas with Locum Medical Group</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_texas/page_2.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[A hospital in northeastern Texas is seeking a Psychiatrist for a locum-to-permanent opportunity in its expanding Psychiatry department. This hospital is licensed for 360 beds. The Psychiatrist will be ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_washington/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Psychiatry Adult Job in Not Disclosed Washington with Locum Medical Group</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_washington/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[A hospital in southern Washington is seeking a Psychiatrist for a locum-to-permanent opportunity in its expanding Psychiatry department. This hospital is licensed for 64 beds. The Psychiatrist will be ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_kentucky/page_2.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Psychiatry Adult Job in Not Disclosed Kentucky with Locum Medical Group</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_kentucky/page_2.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[A hospital in western Kentucky is seeking a Psychiatrist for a locum-to-permanent opportunity in its expanding Psychiatry department. This hospital is licensed for 271 beds. The Psychiatrist will be responsible ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Psychiatry Adult Job in Not Disclosed North Carolina with Locum Medical Group</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[A hospital in northern North Carolina is seeking a Psychiatrist for a locum-to-permanent opportunity in its expanding Psychiatry department. This is a full-service hospital and is licensed for 316 beds. ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_montana/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Psychiatry Adult Job in Not Disclosed Montana with Locum Medical Group</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_montana/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[A start-up inpatient Psychiatry opportunity is available in Montana starting April 15, 2009 and continuing ongoing. The group is looking for ongoing locum, locum-to-perm and/or permanent candidates. The ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_kentucky/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Psychiatry Adult Job in Kentucky Kentucky with Medical Search International</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_kentucky/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[ Psychiatry locums coverage needed in Kentucky ASAP ongoing.    -The practice is 100% inpatient.   -VERY competitive pay -We cover malpractice, housing and lodging  **If you are not available but you ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_illinois/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Psychiatry Adult Job in North Illinois with Medical Search International</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_illinois/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[A great client in Illinois needs an adult outpatient psychiatry locums starting ASAP for ongoing coverage.  Very competitive pay, we will make it worth your while! Here are the Highlights of working for ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_new_york/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Psychiatry Adult Job in Northeastern New York with Medical Search International</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/locum_psychiatry_adult_jobs_in_new_york/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[We have an immediate need in upstate NY for a Psychatrist. Our client is recruiting on a full time basis but needs some locums help until the ideal perm candidate is identified and has started work. This ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/241?rss=1">
<title>[From the Editor] Eclecticism</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/241?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/242?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Antiglucocorticoids in psychiatry</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/242?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Significant evidence has accrued suggesting that the hypothalamic&ndash;pituitary&ndash;adrenal (HPA) axis plays a role in some psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the physiology of the HPA axis, evidence of dysfunction in this axis in psychiatric illnesses and the role that this dysfunction might play in pharmacological treatment resistance. Future therapeutic strategies that may potentially arise from these researches are briefly outlined.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/250?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Targeting the HPA axis in major depression: does it work?: INVITED COMMENTARY ON... ANTIGLUCOCORTICOIDS IN PSYCHIATRY</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/250?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
In the search for antidepressant drugs with enhanced efficacy, targeting the hypothalamic&ndash;pituitary&ndash;adrenal (HPA) axis is a valid strategy. This commentary critically summarises the evidence for the efficacy of antidepressant drugs targeting the HPA axis, and concludes that the available clinical trials do not support claims that this class of drugs is superior to existing treatments.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/253?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] The future of specialised alcohol treatment services: a matter of policy?</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/253?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Around 7.1 million people in England drink hazardously or harmfully and a further 1.1 million are dependent on alcohol. Motivational interviewing is widely used to treat people with alcohol problems and is probably the best described example of a brief intervention. However, some recent trials have been disappointing. Specialised alcohol treatment services have also suffered from weakness in the evidence base. Investment in treating alcohol misuse has fallen far behind that for drug misuse. The Department of Health&rsquo;s Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England embraces policies that are high-profile and cheap but are ineffective and ignore many effective measures. It recommends stepped care for alcohol treatment, but unlike the equivalent for drugs treatment, it sets no targets and leaves the small (7%) increase in funding to the discretion of local purchasers. UK spending on specialised treatment for drug misuse is estimated to be around &pound;600 million for 2007 &ndash; around three times the estimated cost of treatment for alcohol misuse.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/260?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Reasons to be cheerful?: INVITED COMMENTARY ON ... THE FUTURE OF SPECIALISED ALCOHOL TREATMENT SERVICES</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/260?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Alcohol policy varies in different jurisdictions and is subject to change. Understanding policy development requires an international perspective. Current models of alcohol treatment systems require an understanding of the different impacts of interventions on different patient groups and clarity in the description of interventions and populations. Several systematic reviews have evaluated the outcome of alcohol treatment favourably and shown it to be highly cost-effective.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/262?rss=1">
<title>[Poem] &#x27;Death&#x27; by Elizabeth Jennings: Selected by Femi Oyebode</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/262?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/263?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Mood disorders and violence: a new focus</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/263?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Violent behaviour in people with a psychiatric disorder causes great public concern and leads to stigma for people with mental illness. There is good evidence for a correlation between schizophrenia and increased rates of violence but any association between mood disorders and violence has been comparatively overlooked. It appears that there may be more evidence relating mood disorders and violence than many clinicians realise. This article highlights the difficulties in assessing this, summarises what is known and discusses what this means for clinical practice.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/271?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Anger and depression</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/271?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
A series of psychoanalytic theorists and clinicians have suggested that conflicts about anger play a central role in the development of depression. Research data have supported the notion that patients struggle with the experience and expression of angry feelings. Anger in people with depression often stems from narcissistic vulnerability, a sensitivity to perceived or actual loss or rejection. These angry reactions cause intrapsychic conflicts through the onset of guilt and the fear that angry feelings will disrupt relationships. These conflicts lead to anger being directed inwards, further lowering self-esteem, creating a vicious cycle. Defence mechanisms that are triggered, including passive aggression, reaction formation, denial and identification with the aggressor, are ineffective at managing these conflicts and further prevent the appropriate expression of anger. This article discusses how to identify and detoxify angry feelings and fantasies using a psychodynamic approach.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/279?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Major depression: revisiting the concept and diagnosis</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/279?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The classification of depression has been debated for decades. The introduction of operational criteria and the category of major depression were significant advances in the 1970s. However, the validity of the major depression category is controversial. The article highlights the limitations of using severity criteria and cross-sectional evaluation to diagnose depression. It recommends the classic typologies (melancholia, dysthymia and adjustment disorder) for clinical presentations of depression, highlighting the need to use longitudinal clinical patterns and context for diagnosis. Major depression owes its success to its loose definition, to the subordinate status of adjustment disorders and dysthymia and to the mechanistic application of the diagnostic hierarchy and criteria. There is a need to focus more on the context of depression (stress, coping and support) and to reduce the medicalisation of distress.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/286?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Why psychiatrists should watch films (or What has cinema ever done for psychiatry?)</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/286?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Cinema is at once a powerful medium, art, entertainment, an industry and an instrument of social change; psychiatrists should neither ignore nor censor it. Representations of psychiatrists are mixed but psychiatric treatments are rarely portrayed positively. In this article, five rules of movie psychiatry are proposed, supported by over 370 films. Commercial and artistic pressures reduce verisimilitude in fictional and factual films, although many are useful to advance understanding of phenomenology, shared history and social contexts in psychiatry. Acknowledging some negative representations, three areas are explored where cinema gets it mostly right: addictions, bereavement and personality disorder. Although there are excellent representations of psychosis on film, film-makers have more often portrayed it violently &ndash; ultimately demonising people as psycho-killers in more than 100 films cited. When people with mental illness are stigmatised through stereotypes, examining unwelcome depictions can uncover important truths. Psychiatrists&rsquo; engagement with film will ensure professional and artistic gains.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/297?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Beyond ADHD and narcolepsy: psychostimulants in general psychiatry</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/297?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Psychostimulants (dexamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil) reduce fatigue, promote alertness and wakefulness, and have possible mood-enhancing properties. In modern psychiatric practice, their use has been limited to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep disorders such as narcolepsy. Despite this, research has continued into psychostimulant use in general psychiatry, especially in the treatment of depression and fatigue. This article reviews the recent literature regarding psychostimulant use in general and consultation-liaison psychiatry. Although psychostimulants continue to attract clinical research, there is currently not enough evidence to recommend their routine use for general psychiatric conditions.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/306?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Cognitive-behavioural therapy as an adjunctive treatment in chronic physical illness</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/306?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Chronic physical illness is a significant risk factor for psychological symptoms, psychiatric disorder and suicide. Properly targeted cognitive&ndash;behavioural therapy (CBT) can improve outcomes for people with chronic physical illnesses. This article looks at practical aspects of the use of CBT as part of the overall medical and psychiatric management of chronic physical illness.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/318?rss=1">
<title>[Correspondence] There is more to post-termination boundary violations than sex</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/318?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/318-a?rss=1">
<title>[Correspondence] Boundary violations and attachment</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/318-a?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/318-b?rss=1">
<title>[Correspondence] Author&#x27;s reply</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/318-b?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/319?rss=1">
<title>[Correspondence] Antidepressants and bleeding</title>
<link>http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/short/15/4/319?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/A20?rss=1">
<title>[In This Issue] In This Issue</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/A20?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/743?rss=1">
<title>[Editorials] The Randomized Controlled Trial as a Demonstration Project: An Ethical Perspective</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/743?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/746?rss=1">
<title>[Editorials] Grief and Depression: Treatment Decisions for Bereaved Children and Adults</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/746?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/749?rss=1">
<title>[Editorials] New Possibilities in Cognition Enhancement for Schizophrenia</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/749?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/753?rss=1">
<title>[Editorials] Validating Novel Targets for Pharmacological Interventions in Schizophrenia</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/753?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/757?rss=1">
<title>[Commentary] The Role of Psychiatrists Who Write for Popular Media: Experts, Commentators, or Educators?</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/757?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/760?rss=1">
<title>[Introspections] If I Deliver the Baby Now</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/760?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/762?rss=1">
<title>[Clinical Case Conference] Diagnosis and Treatment of PTSD-Related Compulsive Checking Behaviors in Veterans of the Iraq War: The Influence of Military Context on the Expression of PTSD Symptoms</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/762?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
This case study presents an overview of the conceptualization and treatment of two veterans of the Iraq War who presented for combat-related treatment at a Veterans Administration Medical Center. In addition to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of reexperiencing, arousal, and avoidance, the veterans exhibited compulsive checking behaviors that appear to be influenced by theater-specific combat duties and traumatic events. These cases represent what the authors believe to be an increasingly common expression of PTSD in veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Both veterans were treated with prolonged exposure therapy, which includes imaginal and in vivo exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli, processing of traumatic events, and self-assessment of anxiety. Treatment also included in vivo exposure with response prevention techniques borrowed from the literature on obsessive-compulsive disorder to address compulsive checking behaviors within the ecological context of each patient&rsquo;s symptom presentation. Measures related to PTSD and depression were obtained before, during, and after treatment. Treatment was associated with significant declines in symptom severity and improved functioning for both veterans. The unique nature of the conflict in the Middle East represents role challenges for soldiers that affect symptom presentation. Variations in symptom presentation can in turn complicate efforts to identify and appropriately address PTSD-related health concerns in this population. Thus, clinicians and researchers must remain cognizant of how theater-specific duties influence the manifestation and treatment of PTSD in order to provide optimal care to a new generation of veterans. 
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/768?rss=1">
<title>[Reviews and Overviews] Exploring the Convergence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/768?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
The authors examine the relationship of the two signature injuries experienced by military personnel serving in Afghanistan and Iraq: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mild traumatic brain injury (mild TBI). Studies show that a substantial minority of those serving develop persistent emotional sequelae (such as PTSD and other psychological health problems) and/or somatic or cognitive sequelae (postconcussive symptoms) of traumatic exposure. Remarkably, the mechanism (emotional versus biomechanical) and locus (head versus other regions) of injury are weak determinants of whether an individual develops PTSD, persistent postconcussive symptoms, or both. Preexisting or traumatically acquired cognitive dysfunction can increase the risk for these syndromes, probably by reducing cognitive reserve. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies can be interpreted to explain part of the shared symptomatic and functional variance in these syndromes, but this literature is far from consistent and serves mainly to raise new, challenging questions about mutual pathophysiology. The frequent confluence of PTSD and persistent postconcussive symptoms in military personnel strains the bounds of these constructs. New studies are needed to improve our understanding of how emotional and biomechanical stressors can yield these adverse outcomes and how such outcomes can be prevented and treated. 
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/777?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Institutional Rearing and Psychiatric Disorders in Romanian Preschool Children</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/777?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVE: There is increasing interest in the relations between adverse early experiences and subsequent psychiatric disorders. Institutional rearing is considered an adverse caregiving environment, but few studies have systematically examined its effects. This study aimed to determine whether removing young children from institutional care and placing them with foster families would reduce psychiatric morbidity at 54 months of age. METHOD: Young children living in institutions in Bucharest were enrolled when they were between 6 and 30 months of age. Following baseline assessment, 136 children were randomly assigned to care as usual (continued institutional care) or to removal and placement in foster care that was created as part of the study. Psychiatric disorders, symptoms, and comorbidity were examined by structured psychiatric interviews of caregivers of 52 children receiving care as usual and 59 children in foster care when the children were 54 months of age. Both groups were compared to 59 typically developing, never-institutionalized Romanian children recruited from pediatric clinics in Bucharest. Foster care was created and supported by social workers in Bucharest who received regular consultation from U.S. clinicians. RESULTS: Children with any history of institutional rearing had more psychiatric disorders than children without such a history (53.2% versus 22.0%). Children removed from institutions and placed in foster families were less likely to have internalizing disorders than children who continued with care as usual (22.0% versus 44.2%). Boys were more symptomatic than girls regardless of their caregiving environment and, unlike girls, had no reduction in total psychiatric symptoms following foster placement. CONCLUSIONS: Institutional rearing was associated with substantial psychiatric morbidity. Removing young children from institutions and placing them in families significantly reduced internalizing disorders, although girls were significantly more responsive to this intervention than boys. 
]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/786?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] The Incidence and Course of Depression in Bereaved Youth 21 Months After the Loss of a Parent to Suicide, Accident, or Sudden Natural Death</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/786?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVE: This study examined effects of bereavement 21 months after a parent&rsquo;s death, particularly death by suicide. METHOD: The participants were 176 offspring, ages 7&ndash;25, of parents who died by suicide, accident, or sudden natural death. They were assessed 9 and 21 months after the death, along with 168 nonbereaved subjects. RESULTS: Major depression and alcohol or substance abuse 21 months after the parent&rsquo;s death were more common among bereaved youth than among comparison subjects. Offspring with parental suicide or accidental death had higher rates of depression than comparison subjects; those with parental suicide had higher rates of alcohol or substance abuse. Youth with parental suicide had a higher incidence of depression than those bereaved by sudden natural death. Bereavement and a past history of depression increased depression risk in the 9 months following the death, which increased depression risk between 9 and 21 months. Losing a mother, blaming others, low self-esteem, negative coping, and complicated grief were associated with depression in the second year. CONCLUSIONS: Youth who lose a parent, especially through suicide, are vulnerable to depression and alcohol or substance abuse during the second year after the loss. Depression risk in the second year is mediated by the increased incidence of depression within the first 9 months. The most propitious time to prevent or attenuate depressive episodes in bereaved youth may be shortly after the parent&rsquo;s death. Interventions that target complicated grief and blaming of others may also improve outcomes in symptomatic youth with parental bereavement. 
]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/795?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Four-Year Longitudinal Course of Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Spectrum Disorders: The Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) Study</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/795?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to assess the longitudinal course of youths with bipolar spectrum disorders over a 4-year period. METHOD: At total of 413 youths (ages 7&ndash;17 years) with bipolar I disorder (N=244), bipolar II disorder (N=28), and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (N=141) were enrolled in the study. Symptoms were ascertained retrospectively on average every 9.4 months for 4 years using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation. Rates and time to recovery and recurrence and week-by-week symptomatic status were analyzed. RESULTS: Approximately 2.5 years after onset of their index episode, 81.5% of the participants had fully recovered, but 1.5 years later 62.5% had a syndromal recurrence, particularly depression. One-third of the participants had one syndromal recurrence, and 30% had two or more. The polarity of the index episode predicted that of subsequent episodes. Participants were symptomatic during 60% of the follow-up period, particularly with subsyndromal symptoms of depression and mixed polarity, with numerous changes in mood polarity. Manic symptomatology, especially syndromal, was less frequent, and bipolar II was mainly manifested by depressive symptoms. Overall, 40% of the participants had syndromal or subsyndromal symptoms during 75% of the follow-up period, and 16% of the participants experienced psychotic symptoms during 17% the follow-up period. Twenty-five percent of youths with bipolar II converted to bipolar I, and 38% of those with bipolar disorder not otherwise specified converted to bipolar I or II. Early onset, diagnosis of bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, long illness duration, low socioeconomic status, and family history of mood disorders were associated with poorer outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar spectrum disorders in youths are characterized by episodic illness with subsyndromal and, less frequently, syndromal episodes with mainly depressive and mixed symptoms and rapid mood changes. 
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/805?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Using Neuroplasticity-Based Auditory Training to Improve Verbal Memory in Schizophrenia</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/805?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVE: Impaired verbal memory in schizophrenia is a key rate-limiting factor for functional outcome, does not respond to currently available medications, and shows only modest improvement after conventional behavioral remediation. The authors investigated an innovative approach to the remediation of verbal memory in schizophrenia, based on principles derived from the basic neuroscience of learning-induced neuroplasticity. The authors report interim findings in this ongoing study. METHOD: Fifty-five clinically stable schizophrenia subjects were randomly assigned to either 50 hours of computerized auditory training or a control condition using computer games. Those receiving auditory training engaged in daily computerized exercises that placed implicit, increasing demands on auditory perception through progressively more difficult auditory-verbal working memory and verbal learning tasks. RESULTS: Relative to the control group, subjects who received active training showed significant gains in global cognition, verbal working memory, and verbal learning and memory. They also showed reliable and significant improvement in auditory psychophysical performance; this improvement was significantly correlated with gains in verbal working memory and global cognition. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive training in early auditory processes and auditory-verbal learning results in substantial gains in verbal cognitive processes relevant to psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia. These gains may be due to a training method that addresses the early perceptual impairments in the illness, that exploits intact mechanisms of repetitive practice in schizophrenia, and that uses an intensive, adaptive training approach. 
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/812?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Differential Expression of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 2 and 3 in Schizophrenia: A Mechanism for Antipsychotic Drug Action?</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/812?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVE: Preclinical and clinical data implicate the group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR3 in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Moreover, a recent phase II clinical trial demonstrated the antipsychotic efficacy of a mGluR2/mGluR3 agonist. The purpose of the present study was to distinguish the expression of mGluR2 and mGluR3 receptor proteins in schizophrenia and to quantify glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) in order to explore a role for the metabotropic receptors in schizophrenia therapeutics. GCP II is an enzyme that metabolizes N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG), which is the only known specific endogenous agonist of mGluR3 in the mammalian brain. METHOD: The normal expression levels of mGluR2, mGluR3, and GCP II were determined for 10 regions of the postmortem human brain using specific antibodies. Differences in expression levels of each protein were examined in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex, and motor cortex in 15 postmortem schizophrenia subjects and 15 postmortem matched normal comparison subjects. Chronic antipsychotic treatment in rodents was conducted to examine the potential effect of antipsychotic drugs on expression of the three proteins. RESULTS: Findings revealed a significant increase in GCP II protein and a reduction in mGluR3 protein in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia subjects, with mGluR2 protein levels unchanged. Chronic antipsychotic treatment in rodents did not influence GCP II or mGluR3 levels. CONCLUSIONS: Increased GCP II expression and low mGluR3 expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex suggest that NAAG-mediated signaling is impaired in this brain region in schizophrenia. Further, these data implicate the mGluR3 receptor in the antipsychotic action of mGluR2/mGluR3 agonists. 
]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/821?rss=1">
<title>[Articles] Performance-Based Measurement of Functional Disability in Schizophrenia: A Cross-National Study in the United States and Sweden</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/821?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVE: Recent advances in the assessment of disability in schizophrenia have separated the measurement of functional capacity from real-world functional outcomes. The authors examined the similarity of performance-based assessments of everyday functioning, real-world disability, and achievement of milestones in people with schizophrenia in the United States and Sweden. METHOD: The UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment&ndash;Brief Version (UPSA-B) and a neuropsychological assessment were administered to schizophrenia patients living in rural areas in Sweden (N=146) and in the New York City area (N=244), and patients&rsquo; functioning was rated by their case managers. Information from records and case managers was used to determine the frequency of living independently, working, and having ever experienced a stable romantic relationship. RESULTS: Performance on the UPSA-B was essentially identical in the two samples (New York, mean score=13.84; Sweden, mean score=13.30), as were scores on the case manager ratings of everyday activities (New York, mean=49.0; Sweden, mean=48.8). The correlations between UPSA-B score, neuropsychological test performance, and case manager ratings did not differ across the two samples. The proportion of patients who had never had a close relationship and the rate of vocational disability were also nearly identical. However, while 80% of the Swedish patients were living independently, only 46% of the New York patients were. CONCLUSIONS: While scores on performance-based measures of everyday living skills were similar in people with schizophrenia across cultures, real-world residential outcomes were very different. These data suggest that cultural and social support systems can lead to divergent real-world outcomes among individuals who show evidence of the same levels of ability and potential. 
]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/828?rss=1">
<title>[Letters to the Editor] More Aggressive Treatment for Depression?</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/828?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/828-a?rss=1">
<title>[Letters to the Editor] The Effects of Treatment-Resistant Depression and First-Ever Depression on Mortality Following Acute Coronary Syndrome: Interactive or Independent?</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/828-a?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/829?rss=1">
<title>[Letters to the Editor] Drs. Carney and Freedland Reply</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/829?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/829-a?rss=1">
<title>[Letters to the Editor] The Use of Short Half-Life Antidepressants in the Treatment of Bipolar Depression</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/829-a?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/830?rss=1">
<title>[Letters to the Editor] Drs. Frye and Helleman Reply</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/830?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/830-a?rss=1">
<title>[Letters to the Editor] Dr. Goldberg Replies</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/830-a?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/831?rss=1">
<title>[Letters to the Editor] Analysis of Mechanisms Underlying Depressive and Addictive Comorbid Disorders in Adolescents Should Not Ignore Nicotine Use and Dependence</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/831?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/831-a?rss=1">
<title>[Letters to the Editor] Drs. Rao, Hammen, and Poland Reply</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/831-a?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/832?rss=1">
<title>[Letters to the Editor] Persistent Psychosis Associated With Salvia Divinorum Use</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/832?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/833?rss=1">
<title>[Book Forum] The Age of Anxiety: A History of America&#x27;s Turbulent Affair With Tranquilizers</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/833?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/833-a?rss=1">
<title>[Book Forum] Images of Psychiatry: The Caribbean</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/833-a?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/834?rss=1">
<title>[Book Forum] Philosophy of Psychopharmacology</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/834?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/835?rss=1">
<title>[Book Forum] Psychiatry, Third Edition</title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/835?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/836?rss=1">
<title>[Books Received] </title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/836?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/836-a?rss=1">
<title>[Corrections] </title>
<link>http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/7/836-a?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/578?rss=1">
<title>ABOUT THIS JOURNAL: About This Journal</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/578?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/579?rss=1">
<title>THIS MONTH IN ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY: This Month in Archives of General Psychiatry</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/579?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/580?rss=1">
<title>ART AND IMAGES IN PSYCHIATRY: Summer Evening on the Beach at Skagen: The Artist and His Wife</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/580?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/581?rss=1">
<title>COMMENTARY: Citalopram Treatment in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders and High Levels of Repetitive Behavior</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/581?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/583?rss=1">
<title>ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Lack of Efficacy of Citalopram in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders and High Levels of Repetitive Behavior: Citalopram Ineffective in Children With Autism</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/583?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context&nbsp; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are widely prescribed for children with autism spectrum disorders.
Objectives&nbsp; To determine the efficacy and safety of citalopram hydrobromide therapy for repetitive behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders.
Design&nbsp; National Institutes of Health&ndash;sponsored randomized controlled trial.
Setting&nbsp; Six academic centers, including Mount Sinai School of Medicine, North Shore&ndash;Long Island Jewish Health System, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of California at Los Angeles, Yale University, and Dartmouth Medical School.
Participants&nbsp; One hundred forty-nine volunteers 5 to 17 years old (mean [SD] age, 9.4 [3.1] years) were randomized to receive citalopram (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;73) or placebo (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;76). Participants had autistic spectrum disorders, Asperger disorder, or pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified; had illness severity ratings of at least moderate on the Clinical Global Impressions, Severity of Illness Scale; and scored at least moderate on compulsive behaviors measured with the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scales modified for pervasive developmental disorders.
Interventions&nbsp; Twelve weeks of citalopram hydrobromide (10 mg/5 mL) or placebo. The mean (SD) maximum dosage of citalopram hydrobromide was 16.5 (6.5) mg/d by mouth (maximum, 20 mg/d).
Main Outcome Measures&nbsp; Positive response was defined by a score of much improved or very much improved on the Clinical Global Impressions, Improvement subscale. An important secondary outcome was the score on the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scales modified for pervasive developmental disorders. Adverse events were systematically elicited using the Safety Monitoring Uniform Report Form.
Results&nbsp; There was no significant difference in the rate of positive response on the Clinical Global Impressions, Improvement subscale between the citalopram-treated group (32.9%) and the placebo group (34.2%) (relative risk, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.61-1.51; P&nbsp;>&nbsp;.99). There was no difference in score reduction on the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scales modified for pervasive developmental disorders from baseline (mean [SD], &ndash;2.0 [3.4] points for the citalopram-treated group and &ndash;1.9 [2.5] points for the placebo group; P&nbsp;=&nbsp;.81). Citalopram use was significantly more likely to be associated with adverse events, particularly increased energy level, impulsiveness, decreased concentration, hyperactivity, stereotypy, diarrhea, insomnia, and dry skin or pruritus.
Conclusion&nbsp; Results of this trial do not support the use of citalopram for the treatment of repetitive behavior in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders.
Trial Registration&nbsp; clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00086645
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/591?rss=1">
<title>ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Familiality of Novel Factorial Dimensions of Schizophrenia</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/591?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context&nbsp; Factor analysis of the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia yields dimensional phenotypes that may relate to underlying genetic variation. Examination of familiality of factor scores can demonstrate whether they are likely to be of use in genetic research.
Objective&nbsp; To produce a broader set of factorial phenotypes that are tested for familiality including core symptoms of schizophrenia and additional indicators of social, work, and educational dysfunction.
Design&nbsp; The study used psychiatric assessment data collected from several large samples of individuals with schizophrenia who have participated in family or case-control genetic studies (1988-2006) in the Epidemiology-Genetics Program in Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Seventy-three signs and symptoms were selected from direct assessment interviews and consensus diagnostic ratings (integrating interview data, medical records, and informant reports).
Setting&nbsp; Study participants were recruited from across the United States, and a few additional participants were recruited from Canada, Greece, Italy, Poland, and Israel. Assessments generally were performed in the individuals' homes.
Participants&nbsp; Forty-three percent of 1199 volunteers had largely white European backgrounds. The remaining individuals were recruited for family and case-control studies with focus on Ashkenazi Jews. All individuals had a consensus diagnosis of schizophrenia (including schizoaffective disorder) using DSM-III or DSM-IV criteria.
Main Outcome Measures&nbsp; The 73 indicators were subjected to principal components factor analysis, and factor scores representing 9 dimensions were analyzed for familiality.
Results&nbsp; The 9 factors include the often-reported delusions, hallucinations, disorganization, negative, and affective factors; novel factors included child/adolescent sociability, scholastic performance, disability/impairment, and prodromal factors. All 9 factors demonstrated significant familiality (measured by a heritability statistic), with the highest scores for disability/impairment (0.61), disorganization (0.60), and scholastic performance (0.51).
Conclusions&nbsp; The factor scores show varying degrees of familiality and may prove useful as quantitative traits and covariates in linkage and association studies.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/606?rss=1">
<title>ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The Effect of Antipsychotics on the High-Affinity State of D2 and D3 Receptors: A Positron Emission Tomography Study With [11C]-(+)-PHNO</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/606?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context&nbsp; Most antipsychotics are thought to have an effect on D2 and D3 receptors. The development of carbon 11&ndash;labeled (+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine ([11C]-(+)-PHNO), the first agonist radioligand with higher affinity for D3 than D2 receptors, allows one to differentiate the effects of antipsychotics on high-affinity vs low-affinity sites of the D2 receptor and on D3 vs D2 receptor subtypes.
Objectives&nbsp; To examine the effects of antipsychotics (clozapine, risperidone, or olanzapine) on the high- vs high-&nbsp;+&nbsp;low-affinity sites of the D2 and D3 receptors by comparing the [11C]-(+)-PHNO and [11C]raclopride binding in the D3 receptor&ndash;rich (globus pallidus and ventral striatum) and D2 receptor&ndash;rich (caudate and putamen) regions.
Design&nbsp; Two sequential studies with different participants and appropriate controls were performed. The first compared the occupancy produced by 3 antipsychotics as measured with [11C]-(+)-PHNO and [11C]raclopride. The second was a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment to compare the effect of pramipexole (a D3 receptor&ndash;preferring agonist) vs placebo on the increased [11C]-(+)-PHNO signal observed in the globus pallidus of patients.
Setting&nbsp; Positron Emission Tomography Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Participants&nbsp; Twenty-three patients with schizophrenia and 23 healthy controls.
Main Outcome Measures&nbsp; Antipsychotic occupancies as measured with [11C]-(+)-PHNO and [11C]raclopride.
Results&nbsp; The antipsychotic-treated patients showed high occupancies with both [11C]-(+)-PHNO and [11C]raclopride in the dorsal striatum, with [11C]raclopride occupancies about 20% higher. Most strikingly, patients did not show any occupancy with [11C]-(+)-PHNO in the globus pallidus as compared with normal controls or with their own scans using [11C]raclopride. This unblocked [11C]-(+)-PHNO signal was displaced by a single dose of pramipexole.
Conclusions&nbsp; Antipsychotics block both the high- and low-affinity states of the D2 receptors across the brain, but antipsychotic treatment does not block the [11C]-(+)-PHNO signal in the D3 receptor&ndash;rich regions, despite the ongoing D2 receptor blockade. This [11C]-(+)-PHNO signal in regions such as the globus pallidus seems increased despite antipsychotic treatment and is displaceable by a D3 receptor&ndash;preferring agonist. The radiotracer [11C]-(+)-PHNO and the data open up new avenues for exploring the potential therapeutic significance of the D3 receptor in schizophrenia.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/617?rss=1">
<title>ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Major Depressive Disorder and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity: Results From a Large Cohort Study</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/617?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context&nbsp; There is a central belief that depression is associated with hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, resulting in higher cortisol levels. However, results are inconsistent.
Objective&nbsp; To examine whether there is an association between depression and various cortisol indicators in a large cohort study.
Design, Setting, and Participants&nbsp; Data are from 1588 participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety who were recruited from the community, general practice care, and specialized mental health care. Three groups were compared: 308 control subjects without psychiatric disorders, 579 persons with remitted (no current) major depressive disorder (MDD), and 701 persons with a current MDD diagnosis, as assessed using the DSM-IV Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
Main Outcome Measures&nbsp; Cortisol levels were measured in 7 saliva samples to determine the 1-hour cortisol awakening response, evening cortisol levels, and cortisol suppression after a 0.5-mg dexamethasone suppression test.
Results&nbsp; Both the remitted and current MDD groups showed a significantly higher cortisol awakening response compared with control subjects (effect size [Cohen d] range, 0.15-0.25). Evening cortisol levels were higher among the current MDD group at 10 pm but not at 11 pm. The postdexamethasone cortisol level did not differ between the MDD groups. Most depression characteristics (severity, chronicity, symptom profile, prior childhood trauma) were not associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity except for comorbid anxiety, which tended to be associated with a higher cortisol awakening response. The use of psychoactive medication was generally associated with lower cortisol levels and less cortisol suppression after dexamethasone ingestion.
Conclusions&nbsp; This large cohort study shows significant, although modest, associations between MDD and specific hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis indicators. Because a higher cortisol awakening response was observed among both subjects with current MDD and subjects with remitted MDD, this may be indicative of an increased biological vulnerability for depression.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/628?rss=1">
<title>ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Frequent Change of Residence and Risk of Attempted and Completed Suicide Among Children and Adolescents</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/628?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context&nbsp; In contemporary society, people change their place of residence frequently. However, large-scale population studies documenting the influence of frequent moves on mental health among children and adolescents are limited.
Objective&nbsp; To evaluate the influence of frequent change of residence on risk of attempted and completed suicide among children and adolescents.
Design, Setting, and Participants&nbsp; We used data from Danish longitudinal population registries to identify all children born from 1978 to 1995 in Denmark; 4160 of these children attempted suicide, and 79 completed suicide at ages 11 to 17 years. We adopted a nested case-control design and recruited 30 controls per case, matched individually on sex, age, and calendar time.
Main Outcome Measure&nbsp; We used conditional logistic regression to compute the incidence rate ratio for attempted and/or completed suicide associated with the number of previous changes of residence.
Results&nbsp; We observed a significantly increased risk of attempted suicide associated with changes of living address, and there was an apparent dose-response trend for this association&mdash;the more frequent incidence of moving, the higher the risk for attempted suicide. This trend remained the same after controlling for possible confounding factors at birth, ie, birth order, birthplace, link to a father, and parental age at birth. However, it was somewhat attenuated, but still significant, after controlling for the child's own psychiatric morbidity and loss of a mother or father, as well as parental psychiatric history. The observed association was neither modified by sex nor age at the time of moving. Further analyses of suicide completers demonstrated a similar association between change of residence and completed suicide.
Conclusions&nbsp; Frequent change of residence may induce distress among children and, therefore, increase their risk of suicidal behavior. More research is needed to explore this association.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/633?rss=1">
<title>ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Persisting Decline in Depression Treatment After FDA Warnings</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/633?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context&nbsp; In October 2003 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a Public Health Advisory about the risk of suicidality for pediatric patients taking antidepressants; a boxed warning, package insert, and medication guide were implemented in February 2005. The warning was extended to young adults aged 18 to 24 years in May 2007. Immediately following the 2003 advisory, unintended declines in case finding and non&ndash;selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor substitute treatment were shown for pediatric patients, and spillover effects were seen in adult patients, who were not targeted by the warnings.
Objective&nbsp; To determine whether the unintended declines in depression care persisted for pediatric, young adult, and adult patients.
Design&nbsp; Time series analyses.
Setting&nbsp; Ambulatory care settings nationally.
Patients&nbsp; Pediatric, young adult, and adult cohorts of patients with new episodes of depression (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;91&nbsp;748, 70&nbsp;311, and 630&nbsp;748 episodes, respectively).
Interventions&nbsp; Post&ndash;FDA advisory trends were compared with expected trends based on preadvisory patterns using a national integrated managed care claims database from July 1999 through June 2007.
Main Outcome Measures&nbsp; Depression diagnosis; antidepressant, antipsychotic, and anxiolytic prescriptions; and psychotherapy visits.
Results&nbsp; Changes in pediatric depression care were similar to changes for adults. National diagnosis rates of depression returned to 1999 levels for pediatric patients and below 2004 levels for adults. Primary care providers continued significant reductions in new diagnoses of depression (44% lower for pediatric, 37% lower for young adults, 29% for adults); diagnoses by mental health providers who were not psychiatrists increased. Numbers of prescriptions of anxiolytic and atypical antipsychotic medications did not significantly change from preadvisory trends. Psychotherapy increased significantly for adult, though not pediatric, cases. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use decreased in all cohorts; serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor increased for adults.
Conclusions&nbsp; Diagnosing decreases persist. Substitute care did not compensate in pediatric and young adult groups, and spillover to adults continued, suggesting that unintended effects are nontransitory, substantial, and diffuse in a large national population. Policy actions are required to counter the unintended consequences of reduced depression treatment.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/640?rss=1">
<title>ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Environmental Adversity and Increasing Genetic Risk for Externalizing Disorders</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/640?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context&nbsp; Studies of gene-environment interplay in the development of psychiatric and substance use disorders are rapidly accumulating. However, few attempts have been made to integrate findings and to articulate general mechanisms of gene-environment influence in the emergence of psychopathology.
Objective&nbsp; To identify patterns of gene-environment interplay between externalizing disorders (antisocial behavior and substance use) and several environmental risk factors.
Design&nbsp; We used quantitative genetic models to examine how genetic and environmental risk for externalizing disorders changes as a function of environmental context.
Setting&nbsp; Participants were recruited from the community and took part in a daylong assessment at a university laboratory.
Participants&nbsp; The sample consisted of 1315 male and female twin pairs participating in the assessment of the Minnesota Twin Family Study at age 17 years.
Main Outcome Measures&nbsp; Multiple measures and informants were used to construct a composite of externalizing disorders and composite measures of 6 environmental risk factors, including academic achievement and engagement, antisocial and prosocial peer affiliations, mother-child and father-child relationship problems, and stressful life events.
Results&nbsp; A significant gene&nbsp;x&nbsp;environment interaction was detected between each environmental risk factor and externalizing such that greater environmental adversity was associated with increased genetic risk for externalizing.
Conclusions&nbsp; In the context of environmental adversity, genetic factors become more important in the etiology of externalizing disorders. The consistency of the results further suggests a general mechanism of environmental influence on externalizing disorders regardless of the specific form of the environmental risk.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/649?rss=1">
<title>ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Role of GABRA2 in Trajectories of Externalizing Behavior Across Development and Evidence of Moderation by Parental Monitoring</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/649?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context&nbsp; As we identify genes involved in psychiatric disorders, the next step will be to study how the risk associated with susceptibility genes manifests across development and in conjunction with the environment. We describe analyses aimed at characterizing the pathway of risk associated with GABRA2, a gene previously associated with adult alcohol dependence, in a community sample of children followed longitudinally from childhood through young adulthood.
Objective&nbsp; To test for an association between GABRA2 and trajectories of externalizing behavior from adolescence to young adulthood and for moderation of genetic effects by parental monitoring.
Design&nbsp; Data were analyzed from the Child Development Project, with yearly assessments conducted since that time. A saliva sample was collected for DNA at the 2006 follow-up, with a 93% response rate in the target sample. Growth mixture modeling was conducted using Mplus to identify trajectories of externalizing behavior and to test for effects of GABRA2 sequence variants and parental monitoring.
Setting&nbsp; Nashville and Knoxville, Tennessee, and Bloomington, Indiana.
Participants&nbsp; A community-based sample of families enrolled at 3 sites as children entered kindergarten in 1987 and 1988. Analyses for the white subset of the sample (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;378) are reported here.
Main Outcome Measures&nbsp; Parental monitoring measured at 11 years of age; Child Behavior Checklist youth reports of externalizing behavior at ages 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, and 22 years.
Results&nbsp; Two classes of externalizing behavior emerged: a stable high externalizing class and a moderate decreasing externalizing behavior class. The GABRA2 gene was associated with class membership, with subjects who showed persistent elevated trajectories of externalizing behavior more likely to carry the genotype previously associated with increased risk of adult alcohol dependence. A significant interaction with parental monitoring emerged; the association of GABRA2 with externalizing trajectories diminished with high levels of parental monitoring.
Conclusions&nbsp; These analyses underscore the importance of studying genetic effects across development and of identifying environmental factors that moderate risk.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/657?rss=1">
<title>ANNOUNCEMENT: New Editorial Assistant</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/657?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/658?rss=1">
<title>ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Early-Life Stress Induces Long-term Morphologic Changes in Primate Brain</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/658?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context&nbsp; Traumatic experiences in early childhood are associated with increased risk of developing stress-related disorders, which are linked to structural brain abnormalities. However, it is unclear whether these volumetric brain changes are present before disease onset or reflect the consequences of disease progression.
Objective&nbsp; To identify structural abnormalities in the nonhuman primate brain that may predict increased risk of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders in human beings.
Design&nbsp; Rhesus monkeys were divided into 2 groups at birth: a group raised with their mothers and other juvenile and adult animals (mother reared) and a group raised with 3 age-matched monkeys only (peer reared) for the first 6 months of life. Anatomical brain images were acquired in juvenile male and female rhesus monkeys using magnetic resonance imaging.
Setting&nbsp; National Institutes of Health Animal Center in Poolesville, Maryland.
Subjects&nbsp; Twenty-eight rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) aged 24 to 30 months were used for the study.
Main Outcome Measures&nbsp; Volumetric measures of the anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, corpus callosum, and cerebellar vermis were compared between mother-reared (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;15) and peer-reared animals (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;13).
Results&nbsp; Compared with mother-reared monkeys, we found an enlarged vermis, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in peer-reared monkeys without any apparent differences in the corpus callosum and hippocampus.
Conclusions&nbsp; Peer-rearing during infancy induces enlargement in stress-sensitive brain regions. These changes may be a structural phenotype for increased risk of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders in human beings.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/666?rss=1">
<title>ORIGINAL ARTICLE: {beta}2-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Availability During Acute and Prolonged Abstinence From Tobacco Smoking</title>
<link>http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/66/6/666?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
Context&nbsp; Available levels of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing the &beta;2 subunit (&beta;2*-nAChR) are higher in recently abstinent tobacco smokers compared with participants who never smoked. Variations in &beta;2*-nAChR availability during the course of abstinence may be related to the urge to smoke, the extent of nicotine withdrawal, and successful abstinence.
Objective&nbsp; To examine changes in &beta;2*-nAChR availability during acute and prolonged abstinence from tobacco smoking and to determine how changes in &beta;2*-nAChR availability were related to clinical features of tobacco smoking.
Design&nbsp; Tobacco smokers participated in up to 4 iodide 123&ndash;labeled 5-iodo-A-85380 ([123I]5-IA) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans during abstinence at 1 day (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;7) and 1 (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;17), 2 (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;7), 4 (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;11), and 6 to 12 (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;6) weeks. Age-matched nonsmokers participated in a single [123I]5-IA SPECT scan. All participants completed 1 magnetic resonance imaging study.
Setting&nbsp; Academic imaging center.
Participants&nbsp; Tobacco smokers (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;19) and an age-matched nonsmoker comparison group (n&nbsp;=&nbsp;20).
Main Outcome Measure&nbsp; The [123I]5-IA SPECT images were converted to distribution volume and were analyzed using regions of interest.
Results&nbsp; Compared with nonsmokers, &beta;2*-nAChR availability in the striatum, cortex, and cerebellum of smokers was not different at 1 day of abstinence, was significantly higher at 1 week of abstinence, and was not different at 4 or at 6 to 12 weeks of abstinence. In smokers, &beta;2*-nAChR availability was significantly lower in the cortex and cerebellum at 6 to 12 weeks compared with 1 week of abstinence. In addition, cerebellar &beta;2*-nAChR availability at 4 weeks of abstinence was positively correlated with craving on the day of the SPECT scan.
Conclusions&nbsp; These data suggest that higher &beta;2*-nAChR availability persists up to 1 month of abstinence and normalizes to nonsmoker levels by 6 to 12 weeks of abstinence from tobacco smoking. These marked and persistent changes in &beta;2*-nAChR availability may contribute to difficulties with tobacco cessation.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/177?rss=1">
<title>[EDITORIALS] Directors of Medical Student Education in Psychiatry and Recruitment Into Psychiatry: An Ethical Issue?</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/177?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/180?rss=1">
<title>[POSITION STATEMENT] ADMSEP Position Statement on Recruitment</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/180?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/181?rss=1">
<title>[COMMENTARIES] Training Psychiatrists in Nonpsychiatric Medicine: What Do Our Patients and Our Profession Need?</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/181?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/187?rss=1">
<title>[COMMENTARIES] Planning the Future Mental Health Workforce: With Progress on Coverage, What Role Will Psychiatrists Play?</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/187?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/192?rss=1">
<title>[RESEARCH ARTICLES] Three Ds and Three More Ds</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/192?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/193?rss=1">
<title>[RESEARCH ARTICLES] The Perceptions and Habits of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking Among Canadian Medical Students</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/193?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
 OBJECTIVE: The authors aim to quantify the extent, and to assess student perception, of alcohol and tobacco use among medical students at the University of Calgary, and the relationship of these attitudes to problem drinking (according to the CAGE questionnaire). METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed to first-, second-, and third-year medical students attending the University of Calgary medical school. RESULTS: Of the 327 students enrolled, 175 of students responded to the questionnaire. Six percent of the students currently smoke while 24% of students reported cigarette smoking at some point in their life. Eighty-six percent of students currently drink, with a majority drinking fewer than 11 drinks per week. Fifteen percent of students were at an increased risk for problem drinking according to the CAGE questionnaire. An increased risk for problem drinking was significantly related to believing more strongly that getting drunk is acceptable on occasion and less strongly that increased alcohol has many negative health consequences, as well as feeling less in control of alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: Medical students at the University of Calgary consume less alcohol and cigarettes than a comparable population. However, a high proportion of students are at risk for alcohol abuse according to the CAGE questionnaire. The results of this study suggest that although the quantity of alcohol consumed is not a substantial concern at this time, students might be at risk for future alcohol abuse.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/198?rss=1">
<title>[RESEARCH ARTICLES] Balint-Style Case Discussion Groups in Psychiatric Training: An Evaluation</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/198?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
 OBJECTIVES: The authors aim to identify any benefits or limitations of psychiatric residents attending a Balint-style case discussion group, to explore those experiences, to study the process of the learning experience, and to identify potential educational implications. METHODS: Seventeen psychiatric residents and counselors completing two parallel case discussion groups at a U.K. psychotherapy service were given in-depth interviews about their experiences of this training. Interview transcripts were analyzed using qualitative methodology. RESULTS: The groups were anxiety provoking; most participants were able to progressively accommodate to and benefit from the psychological learning process, but some struggled to adapt. CONCLUSION: Basic psychological competency and the awareness of the self in relation to the patient can be fostered through attendance at a case discussion group. With some limitations, Balint groups continue to be a useful way of introducing young psychiatrists to psychological processes.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/204?rss=1">
<title>[RESEARCH ARTICLES] Student Experiences with Competency Domains During a Psychiatry Clerkship</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/204?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
 OBJECTIVES: The authors reviewed medical student encounters during 3 years of a required psychiatry clerkship that were recorded on a web-based system of six broad competency domains (similar to ACGME-recommended domains). These were used to determine diagnoses of patients seen, clinical skills practiced, and experiences in interpersonal and communications skills, professionalism, practice-based learning and improvement, and system-based practice. The authors aim to understand how students are learning and growing in these domains and to modify the clerkship in an ongoing manner. METHODS: Data were collected from the Dartmouth Medical Encounter Documentation System (DMEDS) for all student encounters in required third-year psychiatry clerkships during academic years 2004&ndash;2007, in which students had intensive involvement in patient care. RESULTS: One hundred seventy three students reported a total of 4,676 patient encounters, averaging 27.2 encounters per student and 1.8 psychiatric diagnoses per patient. Students met "learning targets" for anxiety disorder, bipolar affective disorder, depression, personality disorder (borderline), posttraumatic stress disorder, psychosis, schizophrenia, and substance abuse (alcohol), but not for disorders more likely seen in outpatient settings. For the 10 counseling skills learning targets, students only met those for family issues. In the four "newer" competency domains, students reported struggling with issues in 0.3% to 12.6% of encounters. Students documented being challenged by professionalism issues most often and recorded examples of how these competencies played out for them during the clerkship. CONCLUSION: Use of a required web-based medical encounter reporting system for student-patient-faculty encounters during a psychiatry clerkship can be of significant value in assessing what students are seeing, doing, and learning on this required third-year experience. The results provide helpful current information to the clerkship director and data that help the director modify the clerkship on an ongoing basis to better meet students&rsquo; educational needs.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/212?rss=1">
<title>[INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION REPORT] The Effect of Clinical Clerkship on Students&#x27; Attitudes Toward Psychiatry in Karachi, Pakistan</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/212?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVE: Attitudes of medical students toward a specialty is strongly related to their future choice of specialty. In developing countries like Pakistan, where there is a shortage of psychiatrists, there is a need to assess the effect of exposure to psychiatry on medical students. METHODS: The authors conducted a survey of fourth-year medical students at Aga Khan University in Karachi, Pakistan. RESULTS: Psychiatry clerkship had an overall positive attitude toward psychiatric illness, patients, and psychiatrists, but no effect on students&rsquo; choice of psychiatry as a career. CONCLUSION: Psychiatry teaching needs to be made more relevant to the rest of the medical curricula. This may improve students&rsquo; interest and their future choice of psychiatry as an area of specialization.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/215?rss=1">
<title>[RESEARCH ARTICLES] Ensuring Research Competency in Psychiatric Residency Training</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/215?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVE: This article discusses the importance of research training in psychiatric residency programs and makes recommendations for enhancement. METHODS: The authors examine the literature detailing the shortage of psychiatrist-researchers and the limitations of research training during residency. The authors then describe the Psychiatrists Acquiring Research Training (PART) program at Beth Israel Medical Center that attempts to address this problem. Data collected on resident scholarly activity, including publications and presentations, is presented. RESULTS: Since its inception, all scholarly activities have increased under the PART program. The 89 residents, followed over 5 academic years, co-authored 32 publications, gave 56 presentations, and received prestigious honors such as NIMH fellowships and national research awards. CONCLUSION: Residents&rsquo; participation in research has been advanced through participation in PART. Ensuring research competency among all psychiatrists is crucial to providing the best science-based care; PART represents a cost-effective way to integrate research training with psychiatric residency. The authors also discuss opportunities and obstacles to developing research programs as part of psychiatric residency training.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/220?rss=1">
<title>[RESEARCH ARTICLES] Survival Flight</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/220?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/221?rss=1">
<title>[RESEARCH ARTICLES] Integrating Statistical and Clinical Research Elements in Intervention-Related Grant Applications: Summary From an NIMH Workshop</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/221?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVE: The authors summarize points for consideration generated in a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) workshop convened to provide an opportunity for reviewers from different disciplines&mdash;specifically clinical researchers and statisticians&mdash;to discuss how their differing and complementary expertise can be well integrated in the review of intervention-related grant applications. METHODS: A 1-day workshop was convened in October, 2004. The workshop featured panel presentations on key topics followed by interactive discussion. This article summarizes the workshop and subsequent discussions, which centered on topics including weighting the statistics/data analysis elements of an application in the assessment of the application&rsquo;s overall merit; the level of statistical sophistication appropriate to different stages of research and for different funding mechanisms; some key considerations in the design and analysis portions of applications; appropriate statistical methods for addressing essential questions posed by an application; and the role of the statistician in the application&rsquo;s development, study conduct, and interpretation and dissemination of results. RESULTS: A number of key elements crucial to the construction and review of grant applications were identified. It was acknowledged that intervention-related studies unavoidably involve trade-offs. Reviewers are helped when applications acknowledge such trade-offs and provide good rationale for their choices. Clear linkage among the design, aims, hypotheses, and data analysis plan and avoidance of disconnections among these elements also strengthens applications. CONCLUSION: The authors identify multiple points to consider when constructing intervention-related grant applications. The points are presented here as questions and do not reflect institute policy or comprise a list of best practices, but rather represent points for consideration.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/228?rss=1">
<title>[RESEARCH ARTICLES] The Future of Psychiatry Will Become What They Behold</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/228?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/229?rss=1">
<title>[RESEARCH ARTICLES] Procedural Challenges in International Collaborative Research</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/229?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
OBJECTIVE: Knowledge of the procedural requirements for international research is not widely disseminated to investigators involved in the administration of a federal grant with a foreign component. The purpose of this article is to highlight the major challenges in administrative, procedural, and equipment management aspects of grant implementation when federal funding is involved in international collaborative research. METHODS: The author describes the procedural requirements for international research from the time of priority score receipt to the implementation of the grant. RESULTS: There is tremendous promise for rewarding experiences in international research projects due to the collaboration, mutual learning, and cultural bridging that intrinsically occur. However, there are also inherent cross-national procedural requirements that can be demanding in time and effort for the investigator and other stakeholders of the grant. CONCLUSIONS: It is hoped that awareness of these difficulties and demystification of the process for future investigators can minimize the potential encumbrances in such international research.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/234?rss=1">
<title>[RESEARCH ARTICLES] An Institutional Postdoctoral Research Training Program: Predictors of Publication Rate and Federal Funding Success of Its Graduates</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/234?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
 OBJECTIVE: The National Institute of Mental Health funds institutional National Research Service Awards (NRSA) to provide postdoctoral research training. While peer-reviewed publications are the most common outcome measure utilized, there has been little discussion of how publications should be counted or what factors impact the long-term publication rates of trainees in these programs. METHODS: The authors reviewed current curricula vitae from 92 graduates of an institutional NRSA and from the faculty mentors of that program to assess publications through 2005. Publications were weighted based on peer versus non-peer-reviewed and authorship position. Trainee and mentor factors were assessed for their impact on publication rates and on becoming principal investigators of larger scale federal grants such as a National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01. RESULTS: Weighted publication scores correlate with total publication rates at such a high rate that the two scores can be used interchangeably. Forty-three percent of graduates average at least one publication per year after completing the postdoctoral program; 20% were listed as an independent investigator on a larger federal grant. The number of publications published during postdoctoral training and additional funded training beyond that provided by the institutional NRSA are correlated with increased posttraining program publication rates; other factors including gender, terminal degree, number of publications prior to postdoctoral training, and mentor variables had no significant impact. Additional funded training, male gender, and increased time since completion of the training are associated with increased likelihood of larger grant federal funding. CONCLUSION: Weighting publications by whether they were peer-reviewed and by authorship position appears to have little benefit over a simple counting of the number of publications. Publication during research training and the pursuit of funding for additional individual research training may be appropriate short-term goals within an institutional research training program.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/241?rss=1">
<title>[RESEARCH ARTICLES] Understanding the Challenges of Integrating Scientists and Clinical Teachers in Psychiatry Education: Findings from an Innovative Faculty Development Program</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/241?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
 OBJECTIVE: Medical schools and departments of psychiatry around the world face challenges in integrating science with clinical teaching. This project was designed to identify attitudes toward the integration of science in clinical teaching and address barriers to collaboration between scientists and clinical teachers. METHODS: The authors explored the interactions of 20 faculty members (10 scientists and 10 clinical teachers) taking part in a 1-year structured faculty development program, based on a partnership model, designed to encourage collaborative interaction between scientists and clinical teachers. Data were collected before, during, and after the program using participant observations, surveys, participant diaries, and focus groups. Qualitative data were analyzed iteratively using the method of meaning condensation, and further informed with descriptive statistics generated from the pre- and postsurveys. RESULTS: Scientists and clinicians were strikingly unfamiliar with each other&rsquo;s worldviews, work experiences, professional expectations, and approaches to teaching. The partnership model appeared to influence integration at a social level, and led to the identification of departmental structural barriers that aggravate the divide between scientists and clinical teachers. Issues related to the integration of social scientists in particular emerged. CONCLUSION: Creating a formal program to encourage interaction of scientists and clinical teachers provided a forum for identifying some of the barriers associated with the collaboration of scientists and clinical teachers. Our data point to directions for organizational structures and faculty development that support the integration of scientists from a wide range of disciplines with their clinical faculty colleagues.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/248?rss=1">
<title>[BRIEF REPORTS] A Progress Report on a Department of Psychiatry Faculty Practice Plan Designed to Reward Educational and Research Productivity</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/248?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
 OBJECTIVE: The authors provide a progress report on a faculty practice plan that assigns a monetary value to administrative duties, teaching, scholarship, community service, and research. METHODS: Modifications to the original plan are described and quantifiable results in the areas of scholarship and research are summarized. RESULTS: During a 4-year period reported, the total direct costs of all grants increased 40% and the total number of publications increased 108% during this same time frame. CONCLUSION: The authors believe that a practice plan which assigns a monetary value to administrative duties, teaching, scholarship, community service, and research can incentivize faculty to be successful in each of these areas.
]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/252?rss=1">
<title>[RESOURCE] Introducing Psychiatrists to Qualitative Research: A Guide for Instructors</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/252?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/255?rss=1">
<title>[RESOURCE] Surviving the Night</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/255?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/256?rss=1">
<title>[SPECIAL ARTICLES] How to Write an NIH R13 Conference Grant Application</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/256?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[
 OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to provide recommendations for writing a successful R13 conference grant proposal for the National Institutes of Health (NIH). METHODS: The authors reviewed successful NIH conference grant proposal abstracts. They also reflect on their own experience in writing an NIH conference grant proposal and implementing a successful annual conference on research methods in the area of psychological trauma. RESULTS: The key to a strong proposal is linkage among all of its sections, from the specific aims to the budget. The specific aims should be justified by the need for the conference and articulated in the background and significance section, and the aims, in turn, should drive the content and format of the conference. CONCLUSION: Conferences can be an important way to promote NIH scientific goals, by disseminating new findings, facilitating collaborations, and stimulating new lines of research.
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<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/261?rss=1">
<title>[SPECIAL ARTICLES] Educational Research Questions and Study Design</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/261?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/268?rss=1">
<title>[LETTERS] Teaching Psychiatric Residents Research Literacy: Use of Existing Epidemiological Databases</title>
<link>http://ap.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/33/3/268?rss=1</link>
<description><![CDATA[ ]]></description>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?tmpl=NoSidebarfile&#x26;db=PubMed&#x26;cmd=Retrieve&#x26;list_uids=19574029&#x26;dopt=Abstract">
<title>ECT practice and psychiatrists&#x27; attitudes towards ECT in the Chuvash Republic of the Russian Federation.</title>
<link>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?tmpl=NoSidebarfile&#x26;db=PubMed&#x26;cmd=Retrieve&#x26;list_uids=19574029&#x26;dopt=Abstract</link>
<description><![CDATA[
	
        ECT practice and psychiatrists' attitudes towards ECT in the Chuvash Republic of the Russian Federation.
        Eur Psychiatry. 2009 Jun 30;
        Authors:  Golenkov A, Ungvari GS, Gazdag G
        The practice of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and the attitudes of psychiatrists towards ECT in the Chuvash Republic are described. A significant proportion of Chuvash psychiatrists had a patchy knowledge about ECT and held negative attitudes towards the treatment. Enhancing the knowledge about ECT and changing negative attitudes will require persistent educational efforts.
        PMID: 19574029 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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