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<title>Pathology RSS : Gourt</title>
<link>http://www.gourt.com/Health/Medicine/Medical-Specialties/Pathology.html</link>
<description></description>
<dc:language>en-us</dc:language>
<dc:rights>Copyright 2007, Gourt.com</dc:rights>
<dc:date>2009-07-03T18:15+28:00
</dc:date>
<dc:publisher>rtruog@gourt.com</dc:publisher>
<dc:creator>rtruog@gourt.com</dc:creator>
<dc:subject>Pathology RSS : Gourt</dc:subject>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_5.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Facility in North Carolina seeks Pathology coverage North Carolina with </title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_5.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9509606-0008 Private lab seeks locums GI Pathology physician to provide coverage beginning this summer and on-going.  Excellent opportunity for interested physician to explore permanent placement ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_4.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Facility in North Carolina seeks Dermatopathology coverage North Carolina with </title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_4.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9509606-0009 Private lab seeks locums Pathology physician to provide coverage beginning this summer and on-going.  Excellent opportunity for interested physician to explore permanent placement option. ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_florida/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Facility in sunny Florida seeks Pathology coverage Florida with </title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_florida/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9509606-0011 Private lab seeks locums Pathology physician to provide coverage beginning this summer and on-going.  Excellent opportunity for Board Certified and Fellowship trained physician to explore ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_virginia/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Virginia Lab  seeks immediate Pathology coverage Virginia with </title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_virginia/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9509606-0005 Free standing center seeks locums Pathologist for immediate start.  Ideal candidate will be Board Certified and have CAP cytology proficiency exam   Virginia licensed required Must be ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_texas/page_3.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Texas medical center seeks Pathology coverage Texas with </title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_texas/page_3.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9605583-0001 Facility seeks locums Pathology coverage due to increasing volume. Need is ongoing with availability through summer 09 in community hospital lab. Ideal candidate will be Board Certified ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_2.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Hospital based practice seeks Pathology coverage in North Carolina North Carolina with </title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_2.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9583657-0011 Practice seeks locums pathology physician for ongoing coverage to start in October.  Pathologist must be AP/CP board certified.  Limited call may be necessary.  Local driving distance ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_new_jersey/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Coastal New Jersey medical facility seeks Pathology coverage New Jersey with </title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_new_jersey/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9606130-0001 Established group seeks locums Pathologist to cover during summer vacation.  Physician must be Board Certified.  Olympus Scope and voice activated reporting system.  General Surgery Pathology ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_mississippi/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Pathology Practice Seeks Coverage in Mississippi Mississippi with </title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_mississippi/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9558164-0001 Solo practice seeks locums Pathologist to provide coverage for staff vacation this fall and summer. Surgical Pathology, GU Pathology, GI Pathology, Cytology-GYN, Autopsy, and Blood Bank. ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_georgia/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Excellent opportunity for Pathologist in Georgia Georgia with Weatherby Locums</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_georgia/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9561117-0001 Solo practice seeks locums Pathology coverage for staff vacations.  Need is for varied summer vacation dates.  Work with 3 other Pathologists.  Surgical, GU, GI, Derm, Micro as well as ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_west_virginia/page_4.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Facility in West Virginia seeks Pathology coverage West Virginia with Weatherby Locums</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_west_virginia/page_4.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9565044-0001 Locums Pathologist needed to provide vacation coverage for permanent staff.  Approximate dates are between May 1 - August 1, 2009.  Candidate must be Board Certified.  Assistance with ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_wisconsin/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Hematopathologist needed for Wisconsin hospital based group Wisconsin with Weatherby Locums</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_wisconsin/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9500401-0259 Short staffed group seeks Pathology locums to focus on hematopathology  .  Must be Board Certified.  Ideal candidate has excellent potential for permanent placement.  Hematopathologist ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_west_virginia/page_2.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Facility in West Virginia seeks Pathologist West Virginia with Weatherby Locums</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_west_virginia/page_2.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9600171-0001 Practice seeks surgical Pathology locums physician to provide staff relief.   Ideal candidate must be Board Certified.  Hours 8 am - 5 pm Paid malpractice insurance Pre-paid travel and ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_west_virginia/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Hospital based practice seeks Pathology coverage in West Virginia West Virginia with Weatherby Locums</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_west_virginia/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9510451-0005 Growing practice seeks locums Pathologist to provide coverage in CLIA certified lab.  Physician must be Board Certified.     Hours 8 am - 5 pm Surgical Pathology, GU Path, GI Path, and ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_pennsylvania/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Excellent long term opportunity for Pathologist in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania with Weatherby Locums</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_pennsylvania/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9597877-0001 Practice seeks locums Pathology physician to provide on-going coverage.  Responsibilities include Surgical Pathology, GU Pathology,GI Pathology, Dermatopathology, Cytology-GYN, Microbiology, ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Group in North Carolina seeks Pathology coverage North Carolina with Weatherby Locums</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_north_carolina/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9598883-0005 Group practice seeks locums Pathologist for coverage.  Locums physician needed ideally for start May 1 through end of August 2009.  Pathology Board Certification preferred.   GU, Dermpath, ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_new_york/page_1.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Pathologist  needed for ongoing coverage in New York New York with Weatherby Locums</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_new_york/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9500050-0098 Community based hospital laboratory needs locums coverage Jan through end of June.  Beautiful location in the Southern Tier of New York  January ongoing coverage need until permanent ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_georgia/page_6.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Solo practice seeks Pathology coverage in Georgia Georgia with Weatherby Locums</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_georgia/page_6.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9599590-0001 Solo practice with private CLIA certified lab seeks locums Pathology physician for vacation coverage.  Board certification preferred.    Work in CLIA certified lab Hours 8a - 5p Call ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_district_of_columbia/page_2.html">
<title>Locum Tenens Pathology Job in Laboratory Washington, DC seeks Pathology coverage District of Columbia with Weatherby Locums</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_district_of_columbia/page_2.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Job 9599821-0001 Pathology group seeks locums physician to cover staff shortage.  Ideal candidate has excellent potential for permanent placement.   Hours:  Monday - Thursday Group practice includes 3 ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_missouri/page_1.html">
<title>Permanent Pathology Job in Midwest Missouri with Horton Smith Associates</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_missouri/page_1.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Medical Director of Reference Laboratory   Expansion of services drives the need for a Medical Director for a new laboratory location.  This lab has an exclusive contract serving the regions largest health ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_new_york/page_3.html">
<title>Permanent Pathology Job in Big Apple New York with Millie Nixon, By Appointment Only</title>
<link>http://www.physemp.com/physician_jobs/all_pathology_jobs_in_new_york/page_3.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[ Pathologist(s)      We have opportunity for Board Certified/Board Eligible physicians with entry level to advanced experience and current licensure in the State of New York.  The job will require viewing ]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/23">
<title>Antifungal treatment for invasive Candida infections: a mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis</title>
<link>http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/23</link>
<description><![CDATA[Objectives: Invasive fungal infections are a major cause of mortality among patients at risk. Treatment guidelines vary on optimal treatment strategies.  We aimed to determine the effects of different antifungal therapies on global response rates, mortality and safety.
Methods:
We searched independently and in duplicate 10 electronic databases from inception to May 2009. We selected any randomized trial assessing established antifungal therapies for confirmed cases of invasive candidiasis among predominantly adult populations. We performed a meta-analysis and then conducted a Bayesian mixed treatment comparison to differentiate treatment effectiveness. Sensitivity analyses included dosage forms of amphotericin B and fluconazole compared to other azoles.
Results:
Our analysis included 11 studies enrolling a total of 965 patients. For our primary analysis of global response rates, we pooled 7 trials comparing azoles to amphotericin B, Relative Risk [RR] 0.86 (95% Confidence Interval [CI], 0.77-0.96, P=0.007, I2=43%, P=0.09. We also pooled 2 trials of echinocandins versus amphotericin B and found a pooled RR of 1.10 (95% CI, 0.99-1.23, P=0.08). One study compared anidulafungin to fluconazole and yielded a RR of 1.26 (95% CI, 1.06-1.51) in favor of anidulafungin. We pooled 7 trials assessing azoles versus amphotericin B for all-cause mortality, resulting in a pooled RR of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.74-1.05, P=0.17, I2=0%, P=0.96). Echinocandins versus amphotericin (2 trials) for all-cause mortality resulted in a pooled RR of 1.01 (95% CI, 0.84-1.20, P=0.93).  Anidulafungin versus fluconazole resulted in a RR of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.48-1.10, P=0.34).  Our mixed treatment comparison analysis found similar within-class effects across all interventions. Adverse event profiles differed, with amphotericin B exhibiting larger adverse event effects.
Conclusions:
Treatment options appear to offer preferential effects on response rates and mortality. When mycologic data are available, therapy should be tailored.]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/22">
<title>Hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus  (HA-MRSA) in Italy </title>
<link>http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/22</link>
<description><![CDATA[The aim of our study was to trace the dynamic changes of hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) lineages in Italy, comparing the genotypic backgrounds of contemporary isolates over a period of 17 years, with those of a sample of early MRSA strains from 1980.In total, 301 non-repetitive MRSA clinical isolates, recovered from 19 Italian hospitals   between 1990 and 2007 were selected and analyzed for their antibiotic resistance, typed by PFGE and SCCmec, grouped into clonal-types and further characterized using Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). A sample of fifteen early MRSA strains from 1980 was also used for comparison.The most interesting feature was the recent increase of ST228-MRSA-I (formerly the Italian clone; PFGE E) over the period 2000-2007 (57%),  when compared to the period 1990-1999 (29%), and its stability to date, associated with a decrease of the highly epidemic ST247-MRSA-IA (formerly the Iberian clone; PFGE A), (23% from 1990 to 1999, 6% from 2000 to 2007).  ST1-MRSA-I  (1 out of 2 strains carrying ccrA2B2), ST8-MRSA-I (4 strains), ST15-MRSA-I (1 out of 4 carrying ccrA2B2) and ST30-MRSA-I (2 out of 5 carrying no ccrAB-types and ccrC) were the predominant earliest  STs among the MRSA strains in 1980.A temporal shift in the susceptibility levels to glycopeptides was observed: strains with vancomycin MIC of [greater than or equal to] 2 mg/L increased from 19.4% to 35.5%.In conclusion, we describe the alternation of MRSA clones that occurred in hospitals from 1990 to 2007 and the increase of the glycopeptide MIC levels, reflecting a worldwide trend. We document the detection of ST1, ST8, ST15 and ST30 in the 1980 isolates; we hypothesize their possible latency and their appearance as the current CA-MRSA clones.]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/21">
<title>Genetic relatedness and molecular characterization of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated in central Ohio, USA</title>
<link>http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/21</link>
<description><![CDATA[Background:
Over the last decade, nosocomial infections due to Acinetobacter baumannii have been described with an increasing trend towards multidrug resistance, mostly in intensive care units. The aim of the present study was to determine the clonal relatedness of clinical isolates and to elucidate the genetic basis of imipenem resistance.
Methods:
A. baumannii isolates (n = 83) originated from two hospital settings in central Ohio were used in this study. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing for clinically relevant antimicrobials were performed. Resistance determinants were characterized by using different phenotypic (accumulation assay for efflux) and genotypic (PCR, DNA sequencing, plasmid analysis and electroporation) approaches.
Results:
The isolates were predominantly multidrug resistant (>79.5%) and comprised of thirteen unique pulsotypes, with genotype VII circulating in both hospitals. The presence of blaOXA-23 in 13% (11/83) and ISAba1 linked blaOXA-66 in 79.5% (66/83) of clinical isolates was associated with high level imipenem resistance. In this set of OXA producing isolates, multidrug resistance was bestowed by blaADC-25, class 1 integron-borne aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, presence of sense mutations in gyrA/parC and involvement of active efflux (with evidence for the presence of adeB efflux gene).
Conclusion:
This study underscores the major role of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamases, and in particular the acquired OXA-23, in the dissemination of imipenem-resistant A. baumannii. The co-occurrence of additional resistance determinant could also be a significant threat.]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/20">
<title>Isolation and identification of antimicrobial compound from Mentha longifolia L. leaves grown wild in Iraq</title>
<link>http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/20</link>
<description><![CDATA[Background:
Mentha longifolia L. (Lamiaceae) leaves have been traditionally implemented in the treatment of minor sore throat and minor mouth or throat irritation by the indigenous people of Iraq, although the compounds responsible for the medicinal properties have not been identified. In the present study, an antimicrobial compound was isolated and characterized, and its biological activity was assessed.
Methods:
The compound was isolated and characterized from the extracted essential oil using different spectral techniques: TLC, FTIR spectra and HPLC. Antimicrobial activity of the compound was assessed using both disc diffusion and microdilution method in 96 multi-well microtiter plates.
Results:
A known compound was isolated from the essential oil of the plant and was identified as (-) menthol. The isolated compound was investigated for its antimicrobial activity against seven selected pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the yeast Candida albicans. Menthol at different concentrations (1:1, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20) was active against all tested bacteria except for P. aeruginosa, and the highest inhibitory effect was observed against S. mutans (zone of inhibition: 25.3 mm) using the disc diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration MIC values ranged from 15.6-125.0 ug/ml, and the most promising results were observed against S. aureus and S. mutans (MIC 15.6 ug/ml) while, S. faecalis, S. pyogenis and L. acidophilus ranked next (MIC 31.2 ug/ml). Furthermore, menthol achieved considerable antifungal activity against the yeast C. albicans (zone of inhibition range: 7.1-18.5 mm; MIC: 125.0).
Conclusion:
The isolation of an antimicrobial compound from M. longifolia leaves validates the use of this plant in the treatment of minor sore throat and minor mouth or throat irritation.]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/19">
<title>The effect of mimicking febrile temperature and drug stress on malarial development</title>
<link>http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/19</link>
<description><![CDATA[Background:
Malaria remains one of the most important tropical diseases of human with 1-2 million deaths annually especially caused by P. falciparum.  During malarial life cycle, they exposed to many environmentally stresses including wide temperature fluctuation and pharmacological active molecules.  These trigger malarial evolutionarily adaptive responses.  The effect of febrile temperature on malarial growth, development and drug susceptibility by mimicking patient in treatment failure before and after drug uptake was examined.
Methods:
Sensitivities of P. falciparum to antimalarial drug (chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine and artesunate) were investigated based on the incorporation of [3H] hypoxanthine into parasite nucleic acids or radioisotopic technique.  The number of parasites was examined under microscope following Giemsa staining and the parasite development at the end of each phase was counted and comparison of parasite number was made.  The proteome was separated, blotted and hybridized with anti-Hsp70s primary antibody.  The hybridized proteins were separately digested with trypsin and identified by MALDI-TOF peptide mass fingerprint.
Results:
The results show that febrile temperature is capable of markedly inhibiting the growth of field isolate P. falciparum but not to K1 and 3D7 standard strains.  K1 and 3D7 grown under heat shock developed greater and the reinfection rate was increased up to 2-folds when compared to that of non-heat shock group.   The IC50 value of K1 toward chloroquine, mefloquine and quinine under heat shock was higher than that of K1 under non-heat shock which is opposite to that of 3D7.  Heat shock caused death in field isolated parasite.  It was also found that the febrile temperature coped with chloroquine uptake had no effect to the development, drug sensitivity and the parasite number of K1 strain.  In the opposite way, heat shock and chloroquine shows extremely effect toward 3D7 and field isolate PF91 as shown by higher number of dead parasites compared to that of control group.  After culture under high temperature with artesunate, the total parasite number of all strains including K1, 3D7 and PF91 was extremely decreased and the parasite was not found at the end. Additionally, the expression of pfHsp70s was found in all strains and conditions as shown in 120 kDa hybridized band.  However, the proteome extracted from K1 grown under heat shock with chloroquine, anti-pfHsp70 interacted with additional three bands identified by MALDI-TOF as elongation factor-1a (83 kDa), pfHsp86 (60 kDa) and phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (43 kDa).
Conclusions:
In conclusion, febrile temperature was capable of markedly inhibiting the growth of field isolate P. falciparum while the development, reinfection rate and drug (chloroquine, mefloquine and quinine) resistant level of standard strain K1 was enhanced.  However, the febrile temperature coped with chloroquine had no effect to the development, drug sensitivity and the parasite number of K1 strain.  In the opposite way, heat shock and chloroquine showed extremely effect toward 3D7 and field isolate PF91 as shown by some died parasites.  Heat shock protein 70 (pfHSP70) of strain K1 under heat shock with chloroquine might involved in many pathways in order to sustain the parasite.]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/18">
<title>In vitro activity of tigecycline in combination with various antimicrobials against multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii</title>
<link>http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/18</link>
<description><![CDATA[Background:
Infections sustained by multidrug-resistant (MDR) and pan-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii have become a challenging problem in Intensive Care Units. Tigecycline provided new hope for the treatment of MDR A. baumannii infections, but isolates showing reduced susceptibility have emerged in many countries, further limiting the therapeutic options. Empirical combination therapy has become a common practice to treat patients infected with MDR A. baumannii, in spite of the limited microbiological and clinical evidence supporting its efficacy. Here, the in vitro interaction of tigecycline with seven commonly used anti-Acinetobacter drugs has been assessed.
Methods:
Twenty-two MDR A. baumannii isolates from Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients and two reference strains for the European clonal lineages I and II (including 3, 15 and 6 isolates that were resistant, intermediate and susceptible to tigecycline, respectively) were tested. Antimicrobial agents were: tigecycline, levofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, imipenem, rifampicin, ampicillin-sulbactam, and colistin. MICs were determined by the broth microdilution method. Antibiotic interactions were determined by chequerboard and time-kill assays. Only antibiotic combinations showing synergism or antagonism in both chequerboard and time-kill assays were accepted as authentic synergistic or antagonistic interactions, respectively.
Results:
Considering all antimicrobials in combination with tigecycline, chequerboard analysis showed 5.9% synergy, 85.7% indifference, and 8.3% antagonism. Tigecycline showed synergism with levofloxacin (4 strains; 16.6%), amikacin (2 strains; 8.3%), imipenem (2 strains; 8.3%) and colistin (2 strains; 8.3%). Antagonism was observed for the tigecycline/piperacillin-tazobactam combination (8 strains; 33.3%). Synergism was detected only among tigecycline non-susceptible strains. Time-kill assays confirmed the synergistic interaction between tigecycline and levofloxacin, amikacin, imipenem and colistin for 5 of 7 selected isolates. No antagonism was confirmed by time-kill assays.
Conclusion:
This study demonstrates the in vitro synergistic activity of tigecycline in combination with colistin, levofloxacin, amikacin and imipenem against five tigecycline non-susceptible A. baumannii strains, opening the way to a more rationale clinical assessment of novel combination therapies to combat infections caused by MDR and pan-resistant A. baumannii.]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/17">
<title>Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae inguinal skin and soft tissue infection with bullous skin lesions in a patient with a penis squamous cell carcinoma</title>
<link>http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/17</link>
<description><![CDATA[Vibrio spp. is a pathogen rarely isolated in cancer patients, and in most cases it is associated with haematological diseases. Cutaneous manifestations of this organism are even rarer. We report a case of Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae inguinal skin and soft tissue infection presenting bullous skin lesions in a young type II diabetic patient with a penis squamous cell carcinoma having a seawater exposure history.]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/16">
<title>Studies on the antimicrobial activity and brine shrimp toxicity of Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bur. (Bignoniaceae) extracts and their main constituents</title>
<link>http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/16</link>
<description><![CDATA[Background:
Due to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs, the emergence of human pathogenic microorganisms resistant to major classes of antibiotics has been increased and has caused many clinical problems in the treatment of infectious diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the in vitro antimicrobial activity and brine shrimp lethality of extracts and isolated compounds from Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bur., a species used in Brazilian folk medicine for treatment of cancer and skin diseases.
Methods:
Using the disc diffusion method, bioautography assay and brine shrimp toxicity test (Artemia salina Leach), we studied the antimicrobial activity and lethality of extracts and isolated compounds against three microorganisms strains, including Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and yeasts (Candida albicans).
Results:
In this study, the extracts inhibited S. aureus (8.0 ± 0.0 to 14.0 ± 0.0 mm) and C. albicans (15.3 ± 0.68 to 25.6 ± 0.4 mm) growth. In the brine shrimp test, only two of them showed toxic effects (LC50 29.55 to 398.05 μg/mL) and some extracts were non-toxic or showed weak lethality (LC50 705.02 to > 1000 μg/mL). From these extracts, four flavones [5,6,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone (1), 5,6,7-trimethoxyflavone (2), 4'-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone (3), and 4'-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyflavone (4)] were isolated through bioassay-guided fractionation and identified based on the 1D and 2D NMR spectral data. By bioautography assays, compounds 1 [S. aureus (16.0 ± 0.0 mm) and C. albicans (20.0 ± 0.0 mm)] and 3 [S. aureus (10.3 ± 0.6 mm) and C. albicans (19.7 ± 0.6 mm)] inhibited both microorganisms while 2 inhibited only S. aureus (11.7 ± 0.6 mm). Compound 4 did not restrain the growth of any tested microorganism.
Conclusion:
Our results showed that extracts and isolated flavones from Z. tuberculosa may be particularly useful against two pathogenic microorganisms, S. aureus and C. albicans. These results may justify the popular use this species since some fractions tested had antimicrobial activity and others showed significant toxic effects on brine shrimps. However, in order to evaluate possible clinical application in therapy of infectious diseases, further studies about the safety and toxicity of isolated compounds are needed.]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/15">
<title>Non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteraemia: Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and its&#x27; association with severe immunosuppression</title>
<link>http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/15</link>
<description><![CDATA[Background:
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is increasingly recognized as an important pathogen associated with bacteraemia especially in immunosuppressed patients. However, there is limited data specifically describing the clinical characteristics and outcome amongst the immunosuppressed patients.
Methods:
A total of 56,707 blood culture samples and 5,450 stool samples were received by the microbiology laboratory at a tertiary referral hospital in Malaysia, during a 4-year study period. Out of these samples, 55 non-duplicate NTS isolates were identified from blood and 121 from stool. A retrospective analysis of the 55 patients with NTS bacteraemia was then conducted to determine the predominant NTS serovars causing bacteraemia and its' blood invasive potential, epidemiological data, clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility. Patients were then grouped as immunosuppressed and non-immunosuppressed to determine the association of severe immunosuppression on clinical features. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 15.0) using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test, Fisher's exact test or Chi-squared test. The odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The P-value 50 years) with a significantly higher median age (64 versus 36.5 years; p = 0.005).
Conclusion:
Patients with severe clinical immunosuppression had higher mortality, presented more commonly with primary bacteraemia, leukopenia and opportunistic infections and absence of gastroenteritis. Early identification and prompt medical treatment can be life saving because of the high mortality and morbidity associated with this disease especially in the immunosuppressed patients.]]></description>
</item>

<item rdf:about="http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/14">
<title>Frequency of vacA, cagA and babA2 virulence markers in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from Mexican patients with chronic gastritis</title>
<link>http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/8/1/14</link>
<description><![CDATA[Background:
Helicobacter pylori has been strongly associated with chronic gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcers, and it is a risk factor for gastric cancer. Three major virulence factors of H. pylori have been described: the vacuolating toxin (VacA), the cytotoxin-associated gene product (CagA) and the adhesion protein BabA2. Since considerable geographic diversity in the prevalence of H. pylori virulence factors has been reported, the aim of this work was to establish the H. pylori and vacA, cagA and babA2 gene status in 238 adult patients, from a marginal urban area of Mexico, with chronic gastritis.
Methods:
H. pylori was identified in cultures of gastric biopsies by nested PCR. vacA and cagA genes were detected by multiplex PCR, whereas babA2 gene was identified by conventional PCR.
Results:
H. pylori-positive biopsies were 143 (60.1%). All H. pylori strains were vacA+; 39.2% were cagA+; 13.3% were cagA+ babA2+ and 8.4% were babA2+. Mexican strains examined possessed the vacA s1, m1 (43.4%), s1, m2 (24.5%), s2, m1 (20.3%) and s2, m2 (11.9%) genotypes.
Conclusion:
These results show that the Mexican patients suffering chronic gastritis we have studied had a high incidence of infection by H. pylori. Forty four percent (63/143) of the H. pylori strains analyzed in this work may be considered as highly virulent since they possessed two or three of the virulence markers analyzed: vacA s1 cagA babA2 (9.8%, 14/143), vacA s1 babA2 (4.9%, 7/143), and vacA s1 cagA (29.4%, 42/143). However, a statistically significant correlation was not observed between vacAs1, cagA and babA2 virulence markers (χ2 test; P > 0.05).]]></description>
</item>

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