Gourt > Health > Medicine > Medical Specialties > Ophthalmology > Organizations > Europe (1)
Europe is one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to various perspectives about Europe's borders. Physically and geologically, Europe is a subcontinent or large peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia and west of Asia.
Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, and–according to the traditional geographic definition–to the southeast by the waterways adjoining the Mediterranean to and including the Black Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains (in Caucasia). Europe's eastern frontier is vague, but has traditionally been given as the divide of the Ural Mountains and the Caspian Sea to the southeast. The Urals are considered by most to be a geographical and tectonic landmark separating Asia from Europe.
Europe is the world's second-smallest continent in terms of area, covering about 10,390,000 square kilometres (4,010,000 sq mi) or 2.0% of the Earth's surface. The only continent smaller is Australia. In terms of population, it is the third-largest continent (Asia and Africa are larger) with a population of more than 710,000,000, or about 11% of the world's population.
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Europe :: Clinics and Practices
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Archives of Ophthalmology current issue
ABOUT THIS JOURNAL: About This Journal
Mon, 08 Jun 2009 00:00:00 -0000
CLINICAL SCIENCES: Visual Acuity Outcomes Among Sham vs No-Treatment Controls From Randomized Trials
Hawkins, B. S., Bressler, N. M., Reynolds, S. M. Mon, 08 Jun 2009 00:00:00 -0000
Objective To compare 2-year visual acuity outcomes between similar participants assigned to sham and no-treatment control arms in randomized clinical trials. Methods We retrospectively matched sham controls from 2 randomized trials to no-treatment controls (no sham or placebo) from 3 trials on 8 baseline prognostic criteria (full matches) or on 4 to 7 criteria (partial matches). Outcomes were compared using data from those who had 2-year visual acuity measurements and also using the last observation carried forward method to impute missing 2-year measurements. Results A full match to a no-treatment control was identified for 72 of 321 sham controls (22%); a partial match was identified for another 93 sham controls (29%). Among the fully matched pairs, no important difference in 2-year visual acuity outcomes was observed. However, 2-year outcomes differed somewhat between sham and no-treatment controls within the partially matched pairs. Conclusions Findings from fully matched pairs suggest that sham treatment to mask participants in clinical trials may be unnecessary when visual acuity is the outcome of interest. However, findings from the partially matched pairs do not fully support this conclusion. This analysis challenges the necessity for sham (placebo) controls in randomized clinical trials in ophthalmology when visual acuity is the primary outcome of interest.
FROM THE ARCHIVES OF THE ARCHIVES: 140 Years Ago . . .
Mon, 08 Jun 2009 00:00:00 -0000
British Contact Lens Association - Information about the association. Clinical Conference announcements, continuing education courses and scientific meetings.
British Ophthalmic Anaesthesia Society - Organisation of anaesthetists and ophthalmologists committed to anaesthetic management during ophthalmic surgery.
Euretina - European Society of Retina Specialists - Dedicated to promote the dialogue between all European clinicians and scientists who are interested in treating vitreoretinal and macular diseases.
European Association for Vision and Eye Research - The aims of the Association shall be 'to encourage research and the dissemination of knowledge concerning the eye and vision by means of meetings, publications and exchange activities'.
European Eye Bank Association (EEBA) - Pan-national association dedicated to the advancement of eye-banking and an authoritative reference point for eye banks wishing to work according to quality standards.
European Glaucoma Society - Aims to improve the mutual understanding and provide a rational approach to the diagnosis and management of glaucoma.
Meta Description: [ Societŕ oftalmologica europea per la comprensione ed un approccio razionale alla diagnosi e al trattamento del glaucoma. Pubblicazione: Terminologia e linee-guida per il glaucoma 1998, 2003. ]
European Ophthalmic Pathology Society - Initial learning information on the craft of ophthalmic pathology and later on in clinical practice.
European Paediatric Ophthalmological Society (EPOS) - A forum for researchers in the field of paediatric ophthalmology and genetic diseases of the eye to discuss and share information
European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons - A forum for discussion, learning and the development of cataract and refractive surgery with its issues.
European Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Aims to advance the science and art of eyelid, lacrimal, orbital and eye socket surgery.
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European Strabismological Association (ESA) - A forum for those with special interest in eye motility problems and disturbances of binocular vision.
European Vitreoretinal Society - Establishing a forum for representation of Europe's vitreoretinal surgeons. Aims to develop and promote new methods of teaching and student/master interaction in this complex field.
Meta Description: [ EVRS European Vitreo Retinal Society. ]
Netherlands Ophthalmic Society - Information on the Society which resides in the Netherlands.
Scandinavian Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery - List of members of the Society and contact information.
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