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Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine which deals with the diseases of the eye and their treatment. The word ophthalmology comes from the Greek roots ophthalmos meaning eye and logos meaning word; ophthalmology literally means "The science of eyes." As a discipline it applies to animal eyes also, since the differences from human practice are surprisingly minor and are related mainly to differences in anatomy or prevalence, not differences in disease processes. By convention the term ophthalmologist is more restricted and implies a medically trained specialist. Since ophthalmologists perform operations on eyes, they are generally categorized as surgeons.
History of ophthalmology
The eye, including its structure and mechanism, has fascinated scientists and the public in general since ancient times. The discovery of the eye went through two cycles of limiting speculation and freeing observation, which led to a dark age between Galen and Vesalius.
Arab scientists are some of the earliest to have written about and drawn the anatomy of the eye—the earliest known diagram being in Hunain ibn Is-hâq's Book of the Ten Treatises on the Eye. Earlier manuscripts exist which refer to diagrams which are not known to have survived. Current knowledge of the Græco-Roman understanding of the eye is limited, as many manuscripts lacked diagrams. In fact, there are very few Græco-Roman diagrams of the eye still in existence. Thus, it is not clear to which structures the texts refer, and what purpose they were thought to have.
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Archives of Ophthalmology current issue
Laser Photocoagulation, Photodynamic Therapy, and Intravitreal Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Juxtafoveal Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Pathologic Myopia [Clinical Sciences]
Parodi, M. B., Iacono, P., Papayannis, A., Sheth, S., Bandello, F.Objective To compare the effects on visual acuity of laser treatment (LT), photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin, and intravitreal bevacizumab treatment in patients with juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathologic myopia.Methods This prospective randomized clinical investigation enrolled 54 patients, who were divided into 3 groups receiving PDT, LT, or intravitreal bevacizumab treatment. The anti–vascular endothelial growth factor group received 1.25 mg of intravitreal bevacizumab at baseline; retreatment was performed if persistent intraretinal or subretinal fluid evaluated on optical coherence tomography or if choroidal neovascularization progression was detected on fluorescein angiography. The PDT group received treatment following the Verteporfin in Photodynamic Therapy Study Group guidelines. The LT group was submitted to direct LT and received PDT treatment if subfoveal recurrence or progression was detected on fluorescein angiography. A change in best-corrected visual acuity was the primary outcome.Results The mean best-corrected visual acuity in the PDT group decreased from 0.52 logMAR (SD, 0.24 logMAR) at baseline to 0.72 logMAR (SD, 0.25 logMAR) at the end of the study (P = .002). The LT group showed substantial stabilization from mean baseline visual acuity (mean, 0.45 logMAR [SD, 0.27 logMAR]) to the 24-month (mean, 0.56 logMAR [SD, 0.34 logMAR) examination values. The mean best-corrected visual acuity in the anti–vascular endothelial growth factor group increased from 0.6 logMAR (SD, 0.3 logMAR) at baseline to 0.42 logMAR (SD, 0.35 logMAR) at the end of the study (P = .006).Conclusions Overall, bevacizumab treatment offers the best functional results during a 2-year follow-up. In view of the small size of the sample in this study and the relatively low frequency of juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathologic myopia, a multicentric clinical trial is necessary to validate our results.Published online February 8, 2010 (doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.408).
About This Journal [About This Journal]
Fixed Combination of Latanoprost and Timolol vs Individual Components for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension: A Randomized, Double-Masked Study [Clinical Trial]
Higginbotham, E. J., Olander, K. W., Kim, E. E., Grunden, J. W., Kwok, K. K., Tressler, C. S., for the United States Fixed-Combination Study Group Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of fixed-combination latanoprost-timolol (FCLT) vs latanoprost or timolol monotherapy. Methods This 12-week, randomized, double-masked, parallel-group study included patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension treated with a β-blocker and with baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) of 26 through 36 mm Hg. Following washout, eligible patients were randomized to once-daily FCLT in the evening, latanoprost in the evening, or timolol in the morning. Main Outcome Measures Postbaseline IOP assessments at 8 am, 10 am, and 4 pm at weeks 2, 6, and 12; statistical superiority of FCLT for the 18 pairwise comparisons between FCLT and the 2 monotherapies, using analysis of variance. Results All therapies resulted in significant IOP reductions from baseline. Pairwise comparisons favored FCLT at all time points. When the 18 comparisons were tested simultaneously, FCLT was statistically superior to latanoprost at 7 of 9 time points and at all 9 time points when compared with timolol. In addition, FCLT was associated with greater percentage reductions in diurnal IOP levels and a greater likelihood of achieving lower mean diurnal IOP levels. Diurnal IOP reductions of 30% or more from baseline to week 12 were achieved by 73.5%, 57.5%, and 32.8% of those treated with FCLT, latanoprost, and timolol, respectively (P = .007 for FCLT vs timolol; P < .001 for FCLT vs latanoprost). All therapies were well tolerated. Conclusions Fixed-combination latanoprost-timolol therapy is as safe and effective in lowering IOP in patients with either ocular hypertension or glaucoma as monotherapy with latanoprost or timolol. Combination therapy can be used to treat patients for whom monotherapy does not provide sufficient IOP reduction. Application to Clinical Practice The simplicity, efficacy, and tolerability of FCLT contribute to its utility in clinical practice. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT00277498
AgingEye Times - Current information on aging eye diseases like cataract, glaucoma, macular degeneration and dry eyes.
Meta Description: [ Aging Eye Journal that provides cataract, glaucoma, macular degeneration, dry eyes and presbyopia related information, including signs, symptoms, treatment, surgery, clinical trials and research ]
Anatomy of an Eye - A basic description of the various major parts of the eye along with an illustrated diagram. From the Suranaree Institute of Technology, Thailand.
Atlas of Ophthalmology - Online multimedia database of ophthalmological pictures edited by professionals.
Meta Description: [ The Online Atlas of Ophthalmology is the biggest database with high-quality, peer-reviewed and commented pictures on the entire Internet. It is accessible for free - in English, Spanish and German. ]
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Catalogue of Ophthalmic Images - Over 5000 images in more than 250 categories.
Eye Atlas - Online collection of ophthalmological images.
Eye Care Source - Information on eye care, vision correction, eye diseases, and education.
Meta Description: [ A consumer guide to eye care, vision correction, contact lenses, and more. ]
Eye Casualty - Provide information on common eye emergencies.
Meta Description: [ Referral to the Eye Casualty in Oxford Eye Hospital Eye Casualty, UK ]
Eyeweb.org - Online atlas of ophthalmology, manual for physicians and medical students, case presentations, journal watch, quizzes and patient information.
Meta Description: [ Eyeweb.org homepage ]
Family Practice Notebook - Opthalmology - Comprehensive database of ophthalmological disorders.
Meta Description: [ Contains Anterior, Conjunctival Disorders, Corneal Disorders, Examination, Glaucoma, Injury, Lacrimal, Lens, Lid, Pupil, Retina, Sclera, Symptom Evaluation and Vision. Related chapters from other specialties include Cardiovascular, Hematology and Oncology, Neurology, Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Pr... ]
Foto-Web Ophthalmic Images - An educational collection of images of interest to ophthalmology specialists. Provided by Alcon.
General Practice Notebook - Ophthalmology - Coverage of this medical speciality.
Medscape: Ophthalmology - Features peer-reviewed, full-text articles, images and CME programs for physicians and medical professionals as well as interested consumers.
Meta Description: [ Medscape Ophthalmology is a free resource for Physicians, featuring Free Ophthalmology CME (Continuing Medical Education), Ophthalmology medical journal articles, MEDLINE, Ophthalmology medical news, major Ophthalmology conference coverage, and comprehensive drug information. ]
Ocellus - Directory of eye diseases, conditions and general ophthalmology, searchable by keyword and category.
Meta Description: [ Ocellus, a directory of eye diseases, dystrophies, and conditions, searchable by category. ]
Ophthalmology Jobs - Physician jobs for all specialties throughout North America.
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Ophthalmology Image Gallery - The Ophthalmology Image Gallery features over 500 photos, diagrams and graphics of the eye, examples of eye disorders.
Ophthalmology jobs - Ophthalmology jobs are listed at Physician Employment. You may register to
be automatically updated when new jobs are listed.
Ophthalmology Resource Center - Virtual community for ophthalmologists. Forums for speciality discussions.
Ophthalmoweb - Directory of Internet resources for ophthalmologists.
Meta Description: [ Ophthalmoweb, Your professional ophthalmological website Ophthalmoweb, su sitio profesional de Oftalmología en la red All resources for ophthalmologists in Internet: medline, bibliography, meetings, images, statistics, article tools, web creation, news, professional links, e mail, pharma... ]
Ophthalworld.com - Directory of ophthalmology related resources.
Meta Description: [ An integrated Ophthalmology Website of use to the Ophthalmic community ]
Ophthoguide - Ophthalmology search engine and custom medline searching.
OphthoLinx - Aggregates the current professional news and research from premier medical and healthcare journals and news sources.
Meta Description: [ Ophthalmologists keep current with free medical news and daily newsletters. OphthoLinx and MDLinx aggregates the most current medical journal news and research from premier medical and healthcare journals and news sources. Comprehensive, specialized content updated every day on the web and in e... ]
Preserving the Miracle of Sight: Lasers and Eye Surgery - A brief article describing how two streams of basic research intersected in the early 1960s to produce a revolution in ophthalmology.
Vision Rx - Offers online clinical-grade vision tests, eye care products and services and physician locator.
Windsor Eye Course - The Prince Charles Eye Unit runs a fellowship course for ophthalmologists preparing for the Final Fellowship examination.
Meta Description: [ exams for MRCOphth, ophthalmology examination in UK, eye exams, examination, examinations, diagnostic tests ]
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World of Ophthalmology - Information about ophthalmic journals, meetings with a database of images. By Dr. Victor Zamyatin.
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Xalatan.com: Image Library - Features photos, diagrams, and graphics of the eye.
Ophthalmology Job RSS feeds - All Physician Job RSS feeds: States with Ophthalmology Employment
Opportunities
