A department is a part of a larger organization with a specific responsibility. For the division of organizations into departments, see departmentalization.

In particular:

• A government department in the United States and Switzerland corresponds to a ministry in other systems:
  • Department (US government)
  • Department (Swiss government)
• Department (subnational entity)
• Part of an institution such as a commercial company (see departmentalization) or a non-profit organization such as a university.
  • Academic department
• A department store is a retail store that includes many specialized departments such as clothing or household items.
• In the US military:
  • "Department" is a term used by the U.S. Army, mostly prior to World War I.
  • A naval Department is a section devoted to one of several major tasks.
• Part of a state or municipal government:
  • Fire department
  • Police department
• Département ("department") is the name given to an administrative district of France and several other French-speaking countries.

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Archives of Neurology recent issues

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION: Exclusive Breastfeeding and the Risk of Postpartum Relapses in Women With Multiple Sclerosis
Langer-Gould, A., Huang, S. M., Gupta, R., Leimpeter, A. D., Greenwood, E., Albers, K. B., Van Den Eeden, S. K., Nelson, L. M. Mon, 08 Jun 2009 00:00:00 -0000
Objective  To determine if exclusive breastfeeding protects against postpartum relapses of multiple sclerosis (MS) and, if so, whether this protection is related to prolonged lactational amenorrhea.Design  We conducted structured interviews to assess clinical, menstrual, and breastfeeding history during each trimester and 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months postpartum and collected neurological examination findings from the treating physicians of women with MS. Hazards ratios (HRs) were adjusted for measures of disease severity and age.Setting  Kaiser Permanente Northern California and Stanford University.Participants  We prospectively enrolled 32 pregnant women with MS and 29 age-matched, pregnant controls.Main Outcome Measure  Postpartum relapse.Results  Of the 52% of women with MS who did not breastfeed or began regular supplemental feedings within 2 months postpartum, 87% had a postpartum relapse, compared with 36% of the women with MS who breastfed exclusively for at least 2 months postpartum (unadjusted HR, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-14.2; P = .003; adjusted HR, 7.1; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-24.3; P = .002). Sixty percent reported that the primary reason for foregoing exclusive breastfeeding was to resume MS therapies. Women who breastfed exclusively had a later return of menses (P = .001) than women who did not, and lactational amenorrhea was associated with a reduced risk of postpartum relapses (P = .01).Conclusions  Our findings suggest that exclusive breastfeeding and concomitant suppression of menses significantly reduce the risk of postpartum relapses in MS. Our findings call into question the benefit of foregoing breastfeeding to start MS therapies and should be confirmed in a larger study.Published online June 8, 2009 (doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.132).
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION: Validity of Self-reported Stroke in Elderly African Americans, Caribbean Hispanics, and Whites
Reitz, C., Schupf, N., Luchsinger, J. A., Brickman, A. M., Manly, J. J., Andrews, H., Tang, M. X., DeCarli, C., Brown, T. R., Mayeux, R. Mon, 11 May 2009 00:00:00 -0000
Background  The validity of a self-reported stroke remains inconclusive.Objective  To validate the diagnosis of self-reported stroke using stroke identified by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the standard.Design, Setting, and Participants  Community-based cohort study of nondemented, ethnically diverse elderly persons in northern Manhattan.Methods  High-resolution quantitative MRIs were acquired for 717 participants without dementia. Sensitivity and specificity of stroke by self-report were examined using cross-sectional analyses and the 2 test. Putative relationships between factors potentially influencing the reporting of stroke, including memory performance, cognitive function, and vascular risk factors, were assessed using logistic regression models. Subsequently, all analyses were repeated, stratified by age, sex, ethnic group, and level of education.Results  In analyses of the whole sample, sensitivity of stroke self-report for a diagnosis of stroke on MRI was 32.4%, and specificity was 78.9%. In analyses stratified by median age (80.1 years), the validity between reported stroke and detection of stroke on MRI was significantly better in the younger than the older age group (for all vascular territories: sensitivity and specificity, 36.7% and 81.3% vs 27.6% and 26.2%; P = .02). Impaired memory, cognitive skills, or language ability and the presence of hypertension or myocardial infarction were associated with higher rates of false-negative results.Conclusions  Using brain MRI as the standard, specificity and sensitivity of stroke self-report are low. Accuracy of self-report is influenced by age, presence of vascular disease, and cognitive function. In stroke research, sensitive neuroimaging techniques rather than stroke self-report should be used to determine stroke history.Published online May 11, 2009 (doi:10.1001/archneurol.2009.83).
ABOUT THIS JOURNAL: About This Journal
Mon, 08 Jun 2009 00:00:00 -0000


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