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Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. This includes eukaryotes (with a nucleus) such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes (without a nucleus) such as bacteria and viruses (though viruses are not strictly classed as living organisms).
Although much is now known in the field of microbiology, advances are being made regularly. In actual fact, the most common estimates suggest that we have studied only about 1% of all of the microbes in any given environment. Thus, despite the fact that over three hundred years have passed since the discovery of microbes, the field of microbiology is clearly in its infancy relative to other biological disciplines such as zoology, botany or even entomology.
History
Bacteria were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of his own design. The name "bacterium" was introduced much later, by Ehrenberg in 1828, derived from the Greek word βακτηριον meaning "small stick". While Antony van Leeuwenhoek is often cited as the first microbiologist, the first recorded microbiological observation, that of the fruiting bodies of molds, was made earlier in 1665 by Robert Hooke. More on [ Microbiology ]
Infectious Diseases
Microbial Ecology :: Ecology
Microbiology :: Biology
Microbiology :: Food Science
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Cover
Towards Reducing Disparities in Disparities Research
Rowland Hogue, C. J.
Discovery Properties of Genome-wide Association Signals From Cumulatively Combined Data Sets
Pereira, T. V., Patsopoulos, N. A., Salanti, G., Ioannidis, J. P. A. Genetic effects for common variants affecting complex disease risk are subtle. Single genome-wide association (GWA) studies are typically underpowered to detect these effects, and combination of several GWA data sets is needed to enhance discovery. The authors investigated the properties of the discovery process in simulated cumulative meta-analyses of GWA study-derived signals allowing for potential genetic model misspecification and between-study heterogeneity. Variants with null effects on average (but also between-data set heterogeneity) could yield false-positive associations with seemingly homogeneous effects. Random effects had higher than appropriate false-positive rates when there were few data sets. The log-additive model had the lowest false-positive rate. Under heterogeneity, random-effects meta-analyses of 2–10 data sets averaging 1,000 cases/1,000 controls each did not increase power, or the meta-analysis was even less powerful than a single study (power desert). Upward bias in effect estimates and underestimation of between-study heterogeneity were common. Fixed-effects calculations avoided power deserts and maximized discovery of association signals at the expense of much higher false-positive rates. Therefore, random- and fixed-effects models are preferable for different purposes (fixed effects for initial screenings, random effects for generalizability applications). These results may have broader implications for the design and interpretation of large-scale multiteam collaborative studies discovering common gene variants.
American Journal of Epidemiology - recent issues
Table of contents
Subscriptions
Editorial Board
Cover
Towards Reducing Disparities in Disparities Research
Rowland Hogue, C. J.
Discovery Properties of Genome-wide Association Signals From Cumulatively Combined Data Sets
Pereira, T. V., Patsopoulos, N. A., Salanti, G., Ioannidis, J. P. A. Genetic effects for common variants affecting complex disease risk are subtle. Single genome-wide association (GWA) studies are typically underpowered to detect these effects, and combination of several GWA data sets is needed to enhance discovery. The authors investigated the properties of the discovery process in simulated cumulative meta-analyses of GWA study-derived signals allowing for potential genetic model misspecification and between-study heterogeneity. Variants with null effects on average (but also between-data set heterogeneity) could yield false-positive associations with seemingly homogeneous effects. Random effects had higher than appropriate false-positive rates when there were few data sets. The log-additive model had the lowest false-positive rate. Under heterogeneity, random-effects meta-analyses of 2–10 data sets averaging 1,000 cases/1,000 controls each did not increase power, or the meta-analysis was even less powerful than a single study (power desert). Upward bias in effect estimates and underestimation of between-study heterogeneity were common. Fixed-effects calculations avoided power deserts and maximized discovery of association signals at the expense of much higher false-positive rates. Therefore, random- and fixed-effects models are preferable for different purposes (fixed effects for initial screenings, random effects for generalizability applications). These results may have broader implications for the design and interpretation of large-scale multiteam collaborative studies discovering common gene variants.
Epidemiology and Infection - Current Issue
Volume 137 Issue 12
Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 -0000
Epidemiology and Infection, Volume 137 Issue 12 Increased frequency in 2007 - now 8 issues per year! Epidemiology and Infection publishes original reports and reviews on all aspects of infection in humans and animals. Particular emphasis is given to the epidemiology, prevention and control of infectious diseases. The field covered is broad and includes the zoonoses, tropical infections, food hygiene, vaccine studies, statistics and the clinical, social and public-health aspects of infectious disease. Papers covering microbiology and immunology which have an epidemiological relevance are part of this broad field. Papers come from medical and veterinary scientists worldwide. It has become the key periodical in which to find the latest reports on recently discovered infections and new technology. For those concerned with policy and planning for the control of infections, the papers on mathematical modelling of epidemics caused by historical, current and emergent infections, will be of particular value. To celebrate 100 years of the journal, a series of important papers has been selected and each, together with a modern commentary on the paper by an expert, will be published on-line. This journal has now moved over to electronic submission, using the Scholar One system. Click here to go to the submission website. Guidance on how to upload your manuscript is available on the site by clicking "User Tutorials". Online manuscript submission (now) available, please go to http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cup/hyg
HYG volume 137 issue 12 Cover and Front matter
Miscellaneous Epidemiology and Infection, Volume 137 Issue 12 , pp f1-f2Abstract
American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) - Nonprofit bioscience organization which is the main repository of cell lines in the United States. Offers information on established cell lines and may order cells.
Meta Description: [ ATCC is a global bioresource center that stores and distributes biological materials such as cell lines, bacteria, animal and plant viruses and antisera, fungi, protozoa, algae, clones and other molecular genomic materials. We also manage databases and offer repository management and other labora... ]
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (BSAC Working Party) - Information about antimicrobial resistance surveillance programmes organised by BSAC (British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy) and links to related sites
Meta Description: [ Information about antimicrobial
resistance surveillance programmes run by BSAC (British Society for
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy) and links to related sites. ]
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. - (APIC) is a multi-disciplinary, voluntary, international organization. Promotes wellness and prevents illness and infection world-wide by advancing health care epidemiology through education, collaboration, research, practice, and credentialing.
Meta Description: [ Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology is an association of healthcare professionals working to reduce, control and prevent infections associated with or acquired in a healthcare setting. ]
Bacterial Toxins: Friends or Foes? - Overview of the biochemistry and mechanism of action of bacterial toxins from the Center for Disease Control (CDC).
Candida albicans Pseudomonas Helicobacter epidemiology - Molecular epidemiology, virulence factors, virulence genes of pathogenic microorganisms.
CDC Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion: Issues in Healthcare Settings - Articles and statistics related to infectious diseases and hospitals and hospital personnel.
Clinical Microbiology Software: Interpretation and Report of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test. - ASASI is assistant software to interpret and report antimicrobial susceptibility tests for clinical microbiology department and It is based on rule-based expert system
Meta Description: [ This is based on "rule-base expert system" and freeware. End-user can modify and add rules. This is assistant software to interpret and report antimicrobial( antibiotics ) susceptibility tests for clinical microbiology department, ]
Common Cold - This interesting and well presented site provides a comprehensive, updated and referenced source of information on the common cold.
Meta Description: [ A comprehensive source of information on the common cold that facilitates informed decisions about cold prevention and treatment. ]
Department of Medical Microbiology of the University of Zurich - Information about the tasks of the Department, which include teaching, research, laboratory diagnosis of bacterial and fungal infections, and external quality control in medical microbiology for Switzerland.
Meta Description: [ Homepage of the Department of Medical Microbiology, University Zurich ]
Family Practice Notebook: Infectious Disease - Comprehensive database of infectious disease.
Meta Description: [ Covers Bacteria, Emerging, Examination, Faver, Fever, Fungus, Helminth, Immune, Immunization, Parasite, Prion, Procedure, Sexually Transmitted Disease, Travel, Vector and Virus. Related chapters from other specialties include Dermatology, Ophthalmology, Gastroenterology, HIV, Laboratory, Neurolo... ]
General Practice Notebook - Infectious disease - Coverage of this medical speciality.
Genomics and Bacterial Pathogenesis - This review summarises the current methodologies used in genome analysis
Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network - GIDEON - Provides information, including disease, therapy and vaccine lists, support and demo of GIDEON. Medical software for the fields of infectious diseases and microbiology targeted at doctors and lab specialists.
Infection Control - Recent literature abstracts on infection control updated every three months. From the Faculty of Medicine:UCL - Brussels, Belgium.
Meta Description: [ Recent litterature abstracts on infection control updated every three months ]
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Infectious disease information - Information about infectious disease in overview form, provided by Aventis.
Know Your Enemy: Determining the Genetic Blueprint of Disease-Causing Microorganisms, NIAID Fact Sheet - A fact sheet from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) explaining, in simple terms, the objectives behind the finished and ongoing sequencing projects of pathogen genomes.
Medical Microbiology Synopsis - Site provides an overview of medical microbiology for students of medicine. Typical and atypical microbial flora are listed per specimen source and characterized in flowchart diagrams that can be easily memorized.
Microbiology at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada - This site contains data on antimicrobial resistance in Canada, the incidence of serious disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and group A streptococcus, sample clinical microbiology lab manuals, and microbiology and infectious diseases information for professionals and the public.
Meta Description: [ We are a comprehensive, primary-source, Canadian microbiology and
infectious diseases site. This site contains data from population and laboratory based
surveillance programs, frequently requested papers and protocols, our current in use Lab Manual,
as well as a forum for frequently asked q... ]
Physiopathological role of microbial metallogeny - Metallic bioaccumulation of microbial origin, as pathogenic background in chronic diseases and malignancy. Fundamental research and therapeutic trials by isotherapy.
Meta Description: [ Page personnelle de Stephane PLOUVIER ]
Reservoirs of Antibiotic Resistance Network - ROAR - Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics: A network, interactive database and information source organized around antibiotic resistance.
Reviews in Medical Microbiology - Journal of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Covering developments and techniques in medical microbiology, virology, mycology, parasitology, clinical microbiology, and hospital infection.
The United Kingdom National Culture collection - Over 70,000 micro-organisms and cell lines are available. The UKNCC co-ordinates the activities, marketing and research of the UK national service collections.
Meta Description: [ Fireworks Splice HTML ]
Using DNA Microarrays to Study Host-Microbe Interactions - This article provides a detailed introduction to DNA microarray technology and their application to the identification of host-pathogen interactions and virulence factors.
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