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A journal (through French from late Latin diurnalis, daily) has several related meanings:

  • a daily record of events or business; a private journal is usually referred to as a diary.
  • a newspaper or other periodical, in the literal sense of one published each day;
  • however, some publications issued at stated intervals, such as a magazine or the record of the transactions of society such as a scientific journal or academic journals in general, are called a journal. Journal, then, is sometimes used as a synonym for "magazine".

The word "journalist" for one whose business is writing for the public press has been in use since the end of the 17th century.

"Journal" is also applied to the record, day by day, of the business and proceedings of a public body:

  • The journals of the British Houses of Parliament contain an official record of the business transacted day by day in either house. The record does not take note of speeches, though some of the earlier volumes contain references to them. The journals are a lengthened account written from the "Votes and Proceedings" (in the House of Lords called "Minutes of Proceedings"), made day by day by the Clerks at the Table, and printed on the responsibility of the Clerk of the House. In the Commons the Votes and Proceedings, but not the Journal, bear the Speaker's signature in fulfilment of a former order that he should "peruse" them before publication. The journals of the British House of Commons begin in the first year of the reign of Edward VI in 1547, and are complete, except for a short interval under Elizabeth I. Those of the House of Lords date from the first year of Henry VIII in 1509. Before that date the proceedings in parliament were entered in the rolls of parliament, which extend from 1278 to 1503. The journals of the Lords are "records" in the judicial sense, those of the Commons are not (see Erskine May, Parliamentary Practice, 1906, pp. 201-202).
  • Section 5 of Article I of the United States Constitution requires the Congress of the United States to keep a journal of its proceedings. This journal, the Congressional Record is published by the Government Printing Office.
Journals of this sort are also often referred to as minutes.

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O'Brien, E.
Response to Home Blood Pressure Measurements Will or Will Not Replace 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurement [Letters to the Editor]
Parati, G., Bilo, G.
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Verdecchia, P., Angeli, F., Mazzotta, G., Gentile, G., Reboldi, G.

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The Discovery of Cellular Immunity in the Atherosclerotic Plaque [History of Discovery]
Hansson, G. K., Jonasson, L. It is now generally accepted that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory/immune disease triggered by LDL accumulation in the artery wall. When discovering T cells and the molecular components of a cellular immune response, we proposed that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process with an autoimmune component. This notion was met with general skepticism but has gained support from experimental and clinical studies. Here we describe some of the early studies that helped developing this concept.

Circulation Research current issue

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Origin of Cardiac Fibroblasts and the Role of Periostin [Reviews]
Snider, P., Standley, K. N., Wang, J., Azhar, M., Doetschman, T., Conway, S. J. Abstract: Cardiac fibroblasts are the most populous nonmyocyte cell type within the mature heart and are required for extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition, generation of the cardiac skeleton, and to electrically insulate the atria from the ventricles. Significantly, cardiac fibroblasts have also been shown to play an important role in cardiomyocyte growth and expansion of the ventricular chambers during heart development. Although there are currently no cardiac fibroblast-restricted molecular markers, it is generally envisaged that the majority of the cardiac fibroblasts are derived from the proepicardium via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation. However, still relatively little is known about when and where the cardiac fibroblasts cells are generated, the lineage of each cell, and how cardiac fibroblasts move to reside in their final position throughout all four cardiac chambers. In this review, we summarize the present understanding regarding the function of Periostin, a useful marker of the noncardiomyocyte lineages, and its role during cardiac morphogenesis. Characterization of the cardiac fibroblast lineage and identification of the signals that maintain, expand and regulate their differentiation will be required to improve our understanding of cardiac function in both normal and pathophysiological states.
Smooth Muscle Cell {alpha}2{delta}-1 Subunits Are Essential for Vasoregulation by CaV1.2 Channels [Cellular Biology]
Bannister, J. P., Adebiyi, A., Zhao, G., Narayanan, D., Thomas, C. M., Feng, J. Y., Jaggar, J. H. Rationale: Voltage-dependent L-type (CaV1.2) Ca2+ channels are a heteromeric complex formed from pore-forming 1 and auxiliary 2 and β subunits. CaV1.2 channels are the principal Ca2+ influx pathway in arterial myocytes and regulate multiple physiological functions, including contraction. The macromolecular composition of arterial myocyte CaV1.2 channels remains poorly understood, with no studies having examined the molecular identity or physiological functions of 2 subunits. Objective: We investigated the functional significance of 2 subunits in myocytes of resistance-size (100 to 200 µm diameter) cerebral arteries. Methods and Results: 2-1 was the only 2 isoform expressed in cerebral artery myocytes. Pregabalin, an 2-1/-2 ligand, and an 2-1 antibody, inhibited CaV1.2 currents in isolated myocytes. Acute pregabalin application reversibly dilated pressurized arteries. Using a novel application of surface biotinylation, data indicated that >95% of CaV1.2 1 and 2-1 subunits were present in the arterial myocyte plasma membrane. 2-1 knockdown using short hairpin RNA reduced plasma membrane-localized CaV1.2 1 subunits, caused a corresponding elevation in cytosolic CaV1.2 1 subunits, decreased intracellular Ca2+ concentration, inhibited pressure-induced vasoconstriction ("myogenic tone"), and attenuated pregabalin-induced vasodilation. Prolonged (24-hour) pregabalin exposure did not alter total 2-1 or CaV1.2 1 proteins but decreased plasma membrane expression of each subunit, which reduced myogenic tone. Conclusions: 2-1 is essential for plasma membrane expression of arterial myocyte CaV1.2 1 subunits. 2-1 targeting can block CaV1.2 channels directly and inhibit surface expression of CaV1.2 1 subunits, leading to vasodilation. These data identify 2-1 as a novel molecular target in arterial myocytes, the manipulation of which regulates contractility.

Hypertension current issue

Home Blood Pressure Measurements Will or Will Not Replace 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurement [Letters to the Editor]
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Parati, G., Bilo, G.
Response to Home Blood Pressure Measurements Will or Will Not Replace 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurement [Letters to the Editor]
Verdecchia, P., Angeli, F., Mazzotta, G., Gentile, G., Reboldi, G.

 
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