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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration together with declining activities of daily living and neuropsychiatric symptoms or behavioral changes. It is the most common cause of dementia. The most striking early symptom is memory loss (amnesia), which usually manifests as minor forgetfulness that becomes steadily more pronounced with illness progression, with relative preservation of older memories. As the disorder progresses, cognitive (intellectual) impairment extends to the domains of language (aphasia), skilled movements (apraxia), recognition (agnosia), and those functions (such as decision-making and planning) closely related to the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain as they become disconnected from the limbic system, reflecting extension of the underlying pathological process. This consists principally of neuronal loss or atrophy, together with an inflammatory response to the deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Genetic factors are known to be important, and autosomal dominant mutations in three different genes (presenilin 1, presenilin 2, and amyloid precursor protein) have been identified that account for a small number of cases of familial, early-onset AD. For late onset AD (LOAD), only one susceptibility gene has so far been identified: the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene. Age of onset itself has a heritability of around 50%.
History
In this sense, the disease was co-discovered by Kraepelin and Alzheimer, who worked in Kraepelin's laboratory. Because of the overwhelming importance Kraepelin attached to finding the neuropathological basis of psychiatric disorders, Kraepelin made the generous decision that the disease would bear Alzheimer's name. Kraepelin, E. J. Psychiat. Res., 1997, Vol 31, No. 6, pp. 635-643
For most of the twentieth century, the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease was reserved for individuals between the ages of 45-65 who developed symptoms of presenile dementia, which was considered to be a more or less normal outcome of the aging process. In the 1970s and early 1980s, because the symptoms and brain pathology were identical, the name "Alzheimer's disease" began to be used, within and outside the medical profession, equally for individuals age 65 and older with senile dementia, and was eventually adopted formally for all individuals with the common symptom pattern and disease course in the psychiatric and neurological nomenclature.
More on [ Alzheimer's disease ]
Chronic Illness
Dementia
Neurodegenerative Diseases :: Neurological Disorders
Geriatrics
Seniors :: Generations and Age Groups
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Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral Center (ADEAR) - Research, clinical trials, links to other Federal resources, service of the National Institutes of Health.
2nd International Symposium on Alzheimer's Disease in the Middle East - Basic and clinical research in the Middle East
About Alzheimer's, Menopause and Memory Disorders - Frequently asked questions on prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease; Menopause related memory loss.
Ageless Design - Your one stop for information on age-related conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Free newsletter, news service and ask the expert.
Alexian Neurosciences Institute - Information about Alzheimer's disease including the early signs, treatment and medication, alternative therapies, and living with AD.
Alzheimer Week - Comprehensive source of Alzheimer Disease news, updated daily, with information on developments in Alzheimer, research, answers to patient questions, announcements, resources and links.
Meta Description: [ Alzheimer Week - The site is the most comprehensive source of Alzheimer Disease news, updated daily, with information on developments in Alzheimer, research, answers to patient questions, announcements,
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Alzheimer's Center - Mayo Clinic experts offer information, explanations and advice about treatment and care for patients with Alzheimer's Disease.
Meta Description: [ Alzheimer's Center — comprehensive information on Alzheimer's disease, memory loss, Alzheimer's care and Alzheimer's treatment. ]
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Alzheimer's Disease - Univ of Iowa resource on diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Alzheimer's Disease - A full and complete report about this disease by Mental Health.
Alzheimer's Disease - A review of Alzheimer's disease with particular reference to Pin1 protein.
Alzheimer's Disease Fact Sheet - Information sheet compiled by NINDS, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
Meta Description: [ Alzheimer's Disease (AD) information sheet compiled by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). ]
Alzheimer's Disease Research - Program to fund research and educate the public about Alzheimer's disease.
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Alzheimer's Disease Resource Center - HealingWell.com - Medical news, information, chat, articles, books, message boards, and directory of related sites on Alzheimers Disease.
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Alzheimer's Disease: A Family Affair and a Growing Social Problem - Impacts of this disease on family and society, with links to key citations and web sites.
Alzheimer's Facts: Prevention, and Treatment Strategies - Information on this disease including nutrient, lifestyle, and medical options and precautions.
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Alzheimer's Information Site - Information on AD, the research being conducted, and what resources are available. Presented by the Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation.
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Alzheimers Disease: Medicine Net - Causes and symptoms of Alzheimers disease, information on medication and other treatment options.
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BUPA - Fact Sheets - Alzheimer's disease is the most common and important cause of senile dementia. A look at this disease.
Meta Description: [ BUPA health factsheet - Alzheimer's disease is a common cause of senile dementia, which causes memory loss and effects language and social skills... ]
Challenging Views of Alzheimer's Disease Conference - Cincinnati, Ohio, July 27-29, 2001: Provides general information, preliminary program, registration data and form and contact details.
Elder Options of Texas - Information and resources on Alzheimer's and dementia throughout Central Texas.
Meta Description: [ Alzheimers disease (pronounced Alts-hi-merz) is a degenerative brain disease that usually begins gradually, causing a person to forget recent events or familiar tasks. One in 10 persons over 65 and nearly half of those over 85 have Alzheimers disease. ]
eMedicine Health - Alzheimer Disease - Consumer health resource center offers information on causes, symptoms, and treatments of this brain disorder.
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Faces of Alzheimer's - Devoted to remembering those who suffer from this debilitating disease, and a place where caregivers can remember the stories that make their loved one special. Includes info on AD, clinical trials, and advocacy alerts.
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Facts on Alzheimer's Disease - Information and facts on the illness.
Florida Directory of Senior Services and Resources - Comprehensive directory of Florida senior services including, alzeimer's, assisted living.
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HealthXplorer.com - Understanding Alzheimer's Disease - A special documentary providing a comprehensive understanding of AD and highlighting advancements in treatment options.
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Helpguide.org - Provides information and non-commercial resources on the types, symptoms, and diagnosis of Alzheimer's and other dementias.
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Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Resource Center - Information about the condition, including its diagnosis and treatment.
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Memantine Approved to Treat Late-Stage Alzheimer's Symptoms - There is no known way to prevent or cure Alzheimer's disease, but memantine, a drug that is newly available in the US, can help stop its progression. Dr. Piero Antuono discusses its use and its potential effects on patients. From Health Link MCW.
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MerckSource - Alzheimer's Disease - Guide providing information about AD, its diagnosis, changes that may occur, and caring for a friend or loved one.
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Prevent or Delay Alzheimer's Disease - Article by by Phyllis Staff, Ph.D. covering diet, drugs, smoking, mercury, exercise, and things to avoid.
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TheRibbon.com - Information for caregivers of those with Alzheimer's disease. Biweekly newsletter, chat room and discussion forum.
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US Dept. of Health and Human Services - Information and guide to resources on Alzheimer's disease.
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