Herpes zoster, colloquially known as shingles, is the reactivation of varicella zoster virus, leading to a crop of painful blisters over the area of a dermatome. In Italy and in Malta, it is sometimes referred to as St. Anthony's fire. Prior to implementation of the universal varicella vaccination program in the U.S., incidence of shingles increased with advancing age. The incidence rate in children aged less than 10 years was approximately 70 cases/100,000 person-years, increasing to 550 cases/100,000 person-years among adults aged 50 to 59 years. Historically, it was thought that shingles incidence increased due to an age-related decline in immunity; however, recent studies suggest that incidence of shingles is linked to the frequency of periodic exogenous (outside) exposures to children with varicella (chickenpox). These exposures produced an immunologic boost that helped suppress the reactivation of shingles. Shingles incidence is high in the elderly (over 60), as well as in any age group of immunocompromised patients. It affects some 1 million people per year in the United States and can involve excrutiating pain. Treatment is generally with antiviral drugs such as aciclovir. Many patients develop a painful condition called postherpetic neuralgia which is often difficult to manage.
In some patients, herpes zoster can reactivate subclinically with pain in a dermatomal distribution without rash. This condition is known as zoster sine herpete and may be more complicated, affecting multiple levels of the nervous system and causing multiple cranial neuropathies, polyneuritis, myelitis, or aseptic meningitis.
The word herpes comes from the Greek word for snake; it is cognate with herpetologyTreatment of Herpes Zoster with Fire Needle retrieved May 22, 2006.
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Postherpetic Neuralgia - Information, research, treatment, clinical trials, frequently asked questions, and pictures of shingles and its related conditions. Located in Boston at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Meta Description: [ This website is designed to be a resource for patients with shingles or postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), as well as the investigators and clinicians who work in this field. Includes articles about shingles and PHN, research in your area, lists shingles specialists, etc. ]
After Shingles - Resources and support for people suffering from shingles or postherpetic neuralgia (the pain after shingles) and their caregivers.
Meta Description: [ aftershingles is a comprehensive
resource for information about shingles and postherpetic neuralgia;
aftershingles provides resources and support for people suffering from shingles
or postherpetic neuralgia (the pain after shingles) and their caregivers;
patients, physicians, medical professi... ]
AHMF: Shingles - Essential facts and more detailed information about shingles (herpes zoster), chickenpox and post-herpetic neuralgia. Includes management guidelines for health workers. From Australian Herpes Management Forum.
Center Watch - Listing of Clinical Research Trials for Herpes Zoster Infections
Meta Description: [ CenterWatch Listing of Clinical Research Trials for Herpes Zoster Infections ]
Dear Dr. Becky: Shingles: Description and Treatment - Shingles, known medically as herpes zoster, is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the same one that causes chickenpox in children.
Meta Description: [ Shingles, known medically as herpes zoster, is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the same one that causes chickenpox in children. ]
Demonshand.com - Rosemary Appleton's report on experiencing an attack of Shingles (the chicken pox herpes zoster virus).
Meta Description: [ Rosemary Appleton's report on experiencing an attack of Shingles (the chicken pox herpes zoster virus). ]
eMedicine Health - Shingles - Consumer health resource center providing an overview of shingles and its causes, symptoms and treatment.
Meta Description: [ Shingles is a reactivation of the herpes zoster virus (varicella-zoster virus, or VZV). This same virus causes the childhood illness chickenpox. The chickenpox virus (varicella) remains in a dormant state ... ]
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Eye MD Link - An article about how the herpes zoster virus may also affect the eye in a condition known as herpes zoster ophthalmicus.
Facts About Shingles (Varicella-Zoster Virus) - Fact sheet explaining shingles, causes and treatment from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Herpes Zoster - An overview of this disorder which is commonly known as shingles. A look at the signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
Meta Description: [ Herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles, is caused by the same virus responsible for chicken pox. ]
Herpes Zoster (Shingles) Eye Infections - The eyes are sometimes affected by herpes zoster. This is due to the fact that the eyes are connected to nerves that may be infected with the herpes zoster virus.
Meta Description: [ Herpes zoster is the medical name for shingles. It is caused by reactivation in the adult years of the chicken pox virus that occurred during childhood (the varicalla-zoster virus). ]
Hope Through Research: Shingles - A comprehensive informational booklet compiled by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).
Mayo Clinic: Shingles - The condition defined plus symptoms, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and methods of self-care.
Meta Description: [ Shingles — Comprehensive overview covers causes, symptoms, treatments and prevention, which includes the Zostavax vaccine. ]
Medinfo: Shingles (Herpes Zoster) - Easy to understand information for patients on shingles (Herpes Zoster), a painful, blistering rash caused by the chickenpox (varicella) virus which affects only a limited area of skin. Written by a UK general practitioner.
Meta Description: [ Medinfo's patient information on Shingles (Herpes Zoster), a painful, blistering rash caused by the chickenpox (varicella) virus, which affects only a limited area of skin, and makes you feel surprisingly tired, run down, and even depressed. ]
MedlinePlus: Shingles - Directory of factsheets, news, and articles.
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Pediatric Oncall - Varicella Zoster Virus - Informational site offers details about VZV, such as what the clinical manifestations are, the complications of chickenpox, effects of the infection during pregnancy, and gives example of immunocompromised states.
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Ramsay Hunt Syndrome - Offers support for those suffering from RHS and associated illnesses. Find a discussion forum and read other personal experiences.
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Ramsay Hunt Syndrome Type I - Also known as herpes zoster oticus, an information page compiled by NINDS, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
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Shingles - Information for patients, including description of symptoms, photos of rash, and discussion of treatments, from New Zealand Dermatological Society.
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Shingles - South Dakota Department of Health
Shingles - Information page compiled by NINDS, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
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Shingles. Health factsheets from BUPA - Concise factsheet explaining the causes, symptoms and treatment of Shingles, available for downloading in Adobe Acrobat format.
Meta Description: [ BUPA health factsheet - shingles can affect adults at any age but the likelihood of an outbreak increases with age and in people with a weakened immune system ]
VZV Research Foundation - Nonprofit organization combating the varicella-zoster virus and VZV infections. Includes information on VZV infections, the full text of Foundation brochures and scientific and medical news.
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