Homeopathy (also spelled homœopathy or homoeopathy) from the Greek words όμοιος, hómoios (similar) and πάθος, páthos (suffering), is a system of alternative medicine that attempts to treat "like with like". The various forms of alternative medicine are used worldwide and homeopathy is particularly popular in Europe and India,Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare homeopathy pageFisher, P. Ward, A. "Medicine in Europe: Complementary medicine in Europe" BMJ 1994;309:107-111 although less so in the USA.Tindle HA, Davis RB, Phillips RS, Eisenberg DM "Trends in use of complementary and alternative medicine by US adults: 1997-2002" Altern. Ther. Health Med. 2005 Jan-Feb;11(1):42-9.

Homeopathy rests on the premise of treating sick persons with therapeutic agents remedies that are deemed to produce similar symptoms in a healthy individual. Its adherents and practitioners assert that the therapeutic potency of a remedy can be increased by serial dilution of the drug, combined with succussion or vigorous shaking. Homeopathy regards named diseases as misleading human constructs and instead treats each case of sickness as a strictly individual phenomenon. The term "homeopathy" was coined by the Saxon physician Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) and first appeared in print in 1807.Hahnemann, S. Fingerzeige auf den homöopathischen Gebrauch der Arzneien in der bisherigen Praxis. N. J. d. pract. Arzkd. (1807) 26:5-43), although he had previously outlined his theory of similars in a series of articles and monographs beginning in 1796.Hahnemann, S. Versuch über ein neues Prinzip zur Auffindung der Heilkräfte der Arzneisubstanzen, nebst einigen Blicken auf die bisherigen. [Hufeland's J. d. pract. Arzkd. (1796) 2(3):391-439) and 2(4):465-561 This article in English translation can be read here Essay on a New Principle, 1796

However, homeopathy is controversial for four reasons. Firstly, medical studies of its efficacy have not been clearly positive, and often are negative. Secondly, homeopathy is inconsistent with the known laws of chemistry since it states that dilution makes drugs more powerful by enhancing their undefined "spirit-like medicinal powers,"Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann's "Organon Of Medicine" translated by Dudgeon Fifth Edition § 269 even at dilutions so high not even a molecule of the original ingredient is present. Thirdly, many homeopathic practitioners do not accept conventional diagnoses, preferring instead to view ill-health as when "the flow of energy is impeded"Karen Cohen, How Homeopaths Learn to Perceive http://www.homeopathways.com as a result of either the patient's lifestyle or shocks, mental traumas in their past and bad weather.Causation (AETIOLOGY) in homeopathy - its importance in case-takinghttp://www.lyghtforce.com/HomeopathyOnline/Issue3/sequence.html Rudolf Verspoor Taking Homeopathy into the Shadows: A Sequential Causal Approach to Treating Chronic Disease, Website: Homeopathy Online] Fourthly, people risk death if they attempt to prevent serious conditions such as malaria solely with homeopathic remedies.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/5178122.stmPascal Delaunay "Homoeopathy may not be effective in preventing malaria" BMJ. 2000 November 18; 321(7271): 1288

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NCCAM Featured Content

CAM at the NIH - July 2008
Thu, 10 Jul 2008 14:15:00 -0500
Feature Stories New Campaign Encourages Open Communication About CAM A new campaign from NCCAM, which offers free educational materials, is encouraging dialogue between patients and their health care providers about CAM use. A Walk in the Botanical Research Centers "Garden"Visit the NIH Botanical Research Centers "garden" to find out how Russian tarragon, prunella (self-heal), borage oil, and other botanical and dietary supplement ingredients are being examined to prevent and treat diseases and conditions. CAM and Fibromyalgia: At a GlanceFibromyalgia is a condition involving pain, "tender points" on the body, and fatigue. About nine out of 10 people with this condition use CAM. What is known from science about CAM's effectiveness for fibromyalgia?
CAM and Fibromyalgia: At a Glance
Thu, 10 Jul 2008 10:00:00 -0500
People with chronic health conditions such as fibromyalgia often turn to some form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)—a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine. This fact sheet provides basic information on fibromyalgia and "what the science says" about the effectiveness of CAM practices that many people with fibromyalgia use. If you are considering a CAM therapy for fibromyalgia, this information can help you talk to your health care provider about it.
CAM and Diabetes: A Focus on Dietary Supplements
Mon, 30 Jun 2008 10:00:00 -0500
Diabetes is a chronic condition affecting millions of Americans. Conventional medical treatments are available to control diabetes and its complications. However, some people also try complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies, including dietary supplements. This fact sheet provides basic information on diabetes (with a focus on type 2), summarizes scientific research on the effectiveness and safety of selected supplements that people with diabetes sometimes use, and suggests sources for additional information. Key Points In general, there is not enough scientific evidence to prove that dietary supplements have substantial benefits for type 2 diabetes or its complications. It is very important not to replace conventional medical therapy for diabetes with an unproven CAM therapy. Tell your health care providers about any complementary and alternative practices you use. Give them a full picture of what you do to manage your health. This will help ensure coordinated and safe care.

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine - current issue

Ayurveda and eCAM: A Closer Connection
Cooper, E. L. Mon, 26 May 2008 00:00:00 -0000

Transitioning Toward Evidence-Based Research in the Health Sciences for the XXI Century
Chiappelli, F., Cajulis, O. S. Mon, 26 May 2008 00:00:00 -0000
This article discusses some of the misconceptions of evidence-based research in the health sciences. It proposes that since not all treatments in medicine and dentistry can be evidence-based, clinical applications of the evidence-based process should become a specialty. The case is particularly evident in dentistry. Therefore dentistry is taken in this article as a model for discussion. We propose that to approach dentistry from the viewpoint of the patient-oriented evidence that matters (POEM) is perfectly acceptable so far as we also engage in the process of research evaluation and appraisal in dentistry (READ). We distinguish between dentistry based on the evidence, and evidence-based dentistry. We argue that when invoking an evidence-based approach to dentistry or medicine, it is not sufficient to establish the ‘levels of evidence’, but rather that all evidence-based clinical intervention must undergo the stringent process of evidence-based research so that clinical practice guidelines be revised based on the best available evidence.
Second World Ayurveda Congress (Theme: Ayurveda for the Future)--Inaugural Address: Part I
Mashelkar, R. A. Mon, 26 May 2008 00:00:00 -0000


BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine - Latest articles

Knowledge and beliefs concerning evidence-based practice amongst complementary and alternative medicine health care practitioners and allied health care professionals: a questionnaire survey
Julie Hadley, Ismail Hassan and Khalid S Khan Wed, 23 Jul 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: Evidence-based practice (EBP) has become an important competency in many allied and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) health care practitioners' professional standards of proficiency. Methods: To compliment an EBP course for allied health care professionals and CAM practitioners, we undertook a questionnaire survey to assess learning needs. We developed a questionnaire to measure allied health care professionals and CAM practitioners' basic knowledge, skills and beliefs concerning the main principles of EBP. The questionnaires were administered to all attendees of one-day EBP workshops. Results: During 2004-5 we surveyed 193 allied health care professionals and CAM practitioners who attended one-day EBP courses prior to commencement of teaching. Of the respondents 121 (62.7%) were allied health care professionals and 65 (33.7%) practitioners stated that they work in the CAM field Our survey found that the majority of the respondents had not previously attended a literature appraisal skills workshop (87.3%) or received formal training in research methods (69.9%), epidemiology (91.2%) or statistics (80.8%). Furthermore, 67.1% of practitioners specified that they felt that they had not had adequate training in EBM and they identified that they needed more training and education in the principles of EBM (86.7%). Differences in knowledge and beliefs concerning EBP amongst allied and CAM practitioners were found and length of time since qualification was also found to be an important factor in practitioner's beliefs. More CAM practitioners compared to allied health professionals accessed educational literature via the Internet (95.3% v 68.1%, p=0.008). Whilst, practitioners with more than 11 years experience felt that original research papers were far more confusing (p=0.02) than their less experienced colleagues. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that practitioner's learning needs do vary according to the type of profession, time since graduation and prior research experience. Our survey findings are exploratory and will benefit from further replication, however, we do believe that they warrant consideration by allied health care and CAM tutors and trainers when planning EBP teaching curricula as it is important to tailor teaching to meet the needs of specific subgroups of trainees to ensure that specific learning needs are met.
Animal-based remedies as complementary medicines in Santa Cruz do Capibaribe, Brazil
Romulo RN Alves, Helenice N Lima, Marilia C Tavares, Wedson MS Souto, Raynner RD Barboza and Alexandre Vasconcellos Tue, 22 Jul 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: The use of animal products in healing is an ancient and widespread cross-cultural practice. In northeastern Brazil, especially in the semi-arid region, animals and plants are widely used in traditional medicine and play significant roles in healing practices. Zootherapies form an integral part of these cultures, and information about animals is passed from generation to generation through oral folklore. Nevertheless, studies on medicinal animals are still scarce in northeastern Brazil, especially when compared to those focusing on medicinal plants. This paper examines the use and commercialization of animals for medicinal purposes in Brazil's semi-arid caatinga region. Methods: Data was obtained through field surveys conducted in the public markets in the city of Santa Cruz do Capibaribe, Pernambuco State, Brazil. We interviewed 16 merchants (9 men and 7 women) who provided information regarding folk remedies based on animal products. Results: A total of 37 animal species (29 families), distributed among 7 taxonomic categories were found to be used to treat 51 different ailments. The most frequently cited treatments focused on the respiratory system, and were mainly related to problems with asthma. Zootherapeutic products are prescribed as single drugs or are mixed with other ingredients. Mixtures may include several to many more valuable medicinal animals added to other larger doses of more common medicinal animals and plants. The uses of certain medicinal animals are associated with popular local beliefs known as 'simpatias'. We identified 2 medicinal species (Struthio camelus and Nasutitermes macrocephalus) not previously documented for Brazil. The use of animals as remedies in the area surveyed is associated with socio economic and cultural factors. Some of the medicinal animal species encountered in this study are included in lists of endangered species. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that a large variety of animals are used in traditional medicinal practices in Brazil's semi-arid northeastern region. In addition to the need for pharmacological investigations in order to confirm the efficiency of these folk medicines, the present study emphasizes the importance of establishing conservation priorities and sustainable production of the various medicinal animals used. The local fauna, folk culture, and monetary value of these activities are key factors influencing the use and commercialization of animal species for therapeutic purposes.
A scoping review of research on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and the mass media: Looking back, moving forward
Laura C Weeks and Tina Strudsholm Sat, 19 Jul 2008 00:00:00 -0000
Background: The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become more common in Western developed countries in recent years, as has media reporting on CAM and related issues. Correspondingly, media reports are a primary information source regarding decisions to use CAM. Research on CAM related media reports is becoming increasingly relevant and important; however, identifying key concepts to guide future research is problematic due to the dispersed nature of completed research in this field. A scoping review was conducted to: 1) determine the amount, focus and nature of research on CAM and the mass media; and 2) summarize and disseminate related research results. Methods: The main phases were: 1) searching for relevant studies; 2) selecting studies based on pre-defined inclusion criteria; 3) extracting data; and 4) collating, summarizing and reporting the results. Results: Of 4,454 studies identified through various search strategies, 16 were relevant to our objectives and included in a final sample. CAM and media research has focused primarily on print media coverage of a range of CAM therapies, although only a few studies articulated differences within the range of therapies surveyed. Research has been developed through a variety of disciplinary perspectives, with a focus on representation research. The research reviewed suggests that journalists draw on a range of sources to prepare media reports, although most commonly they cite conventional (versus CAM) sources and personal anecdotes. The tone of media reports appears generally positive, which may be related to a lack of reporting on issues related to risk and safety. Finally, a variety of discourses within media representations of CAM are apparent that each appeal to a specific audience through resonance with their specific concerns. Conclusions: Research on CAM and the mass media spans multiple disciplines and strategies of inquiry; however, despite the diversity in approach, it is clear that issues related to production and reception of media content are in need of research attention. To address the varied issues in a comprehensive manner, future research needs to be collaborative, involving researchers across disciplines, journalists and CAM users.

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